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Explore the challenges faced by the young nation and Washington's efforts to establish a working government and address economic crises. Discover the impact of Hamilton's financial plan and the Whiskey Rebellion. Learn about conflicts in the Northwest Territory and the Treaty of Greenville.
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Washington’s Inauguration. April 30,1789. The young nation again calls on Washington to guide it through a turbulent time.
The Federal Government • Washington inherited a tiny federal government that was made up of a few employees, 75 post offices and 672 soldiers. • Washington and congress had to put a working government in place and they needed to do so according to the Constitution.
The Executive Branch • Congress established three executive departments. • Treasury- would deal with economic matters. • War- Would deal with defense and war. • State- Would deal with matters concerning relations with other countries.
Henry Knox. Secretary of War Thomas Jefferson. Secretary of State Alexander Hamilton. Secretary of Treasury Edmund Randolph. Attorney General
The Judiciary Act • The Judiciary Act of 1789 established the federal Court system. • There were three circuit courts and 13 district courts. • A supreme court with six justices. • John Jay was the first supreme court justice.
The First Economic Crisis • The nation was 52 million dollars in debt. • The debt was mostly in form of war bonds that citizens and foreigners bought. Issues • Should the U.S. pay these debts? • Should the U.S. pay state debts incurred due to the war?
Who was the first President of the United States? • List two challenges that his administration faced. • Should the United States have paid back its debt from the Revolution? Why? Why not? • What was the most controversial part of Hamilton’s plan?
Hamilton’s Plan • The U.S. would pay all of its debts and state debts. Why would this be a good idea? • The U.S. government would charter a national bank for depositing government funds. • The government would impose a high tariff.
Opposition Many southern states opposed the U.S. government paying state’s debts. They paid there debts on their own and now some states would get out of debt for free Resolution The government would pay the states debt in exchange that the U.S. Capital would be put in a southern State Opposition to Hamilton’s PlanState Debts
Opposition Many feel that this is unconstitutional because operating a bank is not mentioned as a power of the federal government. Strict interpretation Resolution Congress approved the national bank and justified it by citing the “Elastic Clause”, Article1 Section 8 Loose interpretation Hamilton’s Financial PlanA National Bank Americans still differ on how they interpret the Constitution. This was the basis of how political parties formed.
Opposition Southerners opposed this part of the plan because it would make the imported goods that they relied on more expensive. Many felt that this would hurt the agricultural south and aid manufacturers in the north. Resolution This would not be resolved. Congress would not pass this part of the plan. Hamilton’s Financial PlanHigh Tariff
The Whiskey Rebellion • The government imposed an excise tax on whiskey. • Farmers in Western Pennsylvania used whiskey as money. • They were angered by this and there was an uprising that became known as the Whiskey rebellion.
Whiskey Rebellion • Washington sends a 13,000 man militia into Western PA. • This response shows that the new government was strong and would not tolerate such actions
What is happening in this scene? Write a caption for this scene. Write a question that you would like to ask The subjects.
Terms • Inauguration- ceremony in which the president takes the oath of office. • Precedent-an example to be followed in the future. • Bond- a certificate issued by the government for an amount of money that the government promises to pay back with interest. • Tariff- tax on imported goods.
Would the following comments most likely be made by a Federalist or a Republican? • Less government is the best government. • Trade with Great Britain is essential to our survival. • The National Bank is unconstitutional. • We must protect our domestic manufacturers. • Leaders need an education and wealth to understand the situation of this country.
Faction- An organized Political group. • Neutral- Not favoring either side in a dispute. • Impressment- Seizing sailors from American ships and forcing them to serve on British vessels.
Conflicts in the Northwest Territory • British Troops remained in forts ten years after the war. • They were supplying Native Americans with guns. • Little Turtle of the Miami and Blue Jacket of the Shawnee lead attacks against settlers and defeated the U.S. army soldiers in 1790 and 1791.
“Mad” Anthony Wayne • Sent By Washington in 1794 • Defeats the Natives in August 1794 at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. • Natives were forced to sign the Treaty of Greenville as a result.
Treaty of Greenville A much better picture appears on page 295 of your textbook.
The French Revolution • Began in May of 1789 • At first many Americans support the revolution. • By 1793 the revolution became very violent. As many as 17,000 people were executed by the guillotine. This was the Reign of Terror • This splits Americas opinions on the War.
Guillotine The execution of King Louis
French Revolution • By 1793 France and Britain go to war. • Both sides want our help. • Washington wants neutrality. Jefferson and the Republicans want to support France. Hamilton and the Federalists want to support Britain. • We try to trade with both sides. • What do you think will happen as a result?
Troubles at Sea • Both France and Britain will begin to capture U.S. ships and steal the cargo. • Britain will start the practice of impressment. • Impressment-seizing sailors and forcing them to serve in the British Navy. • Federalists insist that our prosperity depends on trade with Britain.
Pay back long standing debts to British Merchants Withdraw troops from the Northwest Territory. Pay for ships that they had already seized. The Jay Treaty. 1795 Washington sends John Jay to England to repair relations with Great Britain United States agrees to Great Britain agrees to
Federalists were pleased because the treaty restored relations with Britain Republicans did not like the treaty because the British still did not recognize our right to trade with France and would not cease impressment of sailors. Barely passes in the Senate. Jay Treaty
Washington Retires from Public Life • Washington’s Farewell Address made major points. • Warned against forming political factions(parties). • Warned us to stay out of European affairs.
Washington’s Accomplishments as President • Established a functional government in America. • Economy was improving. • Avoided war with foreign powers. • Forced British to leave the Northwest Territory. Made area safe for settlement. • Pickney Treaty. Allowed Americans to use the Mississippi R. and the Port of New Orleans.
Key Terms for Section Four • Tribute • Sixpence • Alien • Sedition • Nullify • States Rights
Troubles With France • When Adams took office the French were upset with the Americans because they believed that the Jay Treaty had made us allies with Britain. • Adams sends a delegation to deal with France. • The French tried to bribe our delegation. • This becomes known as the XYZ Affair.
War Fever Breaks Out • “Millions for Defense, but not one sixpence for tribute.” What does this mean? • Many Federalists want Adams to press Congress to declare war on France. • He does not and considers avoiding war his greatest accomplishment. • Adams sends another delegation to France and Napoleon agrees to stop seizing our ships.
Images of Napoleon Bonaparte. A key figure in European and World History.
Alien Act Targeted at immigrants(Usually Republicans). Increased the length of time from 5 to 14 years for someone to become a citizen. President could deport anyone that he felt was dangerous. Sedition Act Made it a crime to write or say anything insulting or false about the President, congress, or government in general. Ten people were convicted of this. Alien and Sedition Acts Federalists try to destroy political opponents (Republicans) Two laws were passed in 1798 to do that.
States Rights and the Virginia And Kentucky Resolutions • Many felt that this was a violation of the First Amendment. • Supreme court did not have the power to declare laws unconstitutional at this point. • Jefferson and Madison declare that States had the power to Nullify unconstitutional laws. This Idea is known as States Rights.
