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Basic Science – “Large Bowel”

Basic Science – “Large Bowel”. Anatomy. Right colon Transverse colon Left colon Descending Sigmoid Rectum What defines the transition between the sigmoid colon and rectum?. Colon - Anatomy. What are the layers of the bowel wall? What comprises the tenia?.

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Basic Science – “Large Bowel”

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  1. Basic Science – “Large Bowel”

  2. Anatomy • Right colon • Transverse colon • Left colon • Descending • Sigmoid • Rectum • What defines the transition between the sigmoid colon and rectum?

  3. Colon - Anatomy • What are the layers of the bowel wall? • What comprises the tenia?

  4. Colon – Arterial Supply & Lymphatic Drainage

  5. Rectum - Anatomy

  6. Rectum – Venous and Lymphatic Drainage

  7. Colon - Physiology • What is the primary role of the colon? • Fluid absorption • 900ml of water • Bile acids • Sodium (active transport)

  8. Colonic transit • R colon: segmental propulsive & retropulsive contractions for “mixing” • L colon: mostly propulsive contractions • “Mass movements”: large peristaltic contractions (1-3/day) that move contents about 1/3 the length of the colon

  9. Defecation • Distention of the rectum triggers the rectoanal inhibitory reflex (RAIR): • External anal sphincter voluntarily relaxed • Rectum / Distal colon contract • Pelvic floor relaxes (straightening of rectosigmoid angle)

  10. Diverticular Disease True or false diverticula?

  11. Acute Diverticulitis (simple) • Symptoms • LLQ abdominal pain/fever/leukocytosis • Radiologic evaluation • CT scan • Treatment • Bowel rest & IV ABX • Duration of both?

  12. Acute Diverticulitis (simple) • Management after resolutions of symptoms: • BE or Colonoscopy 6-8 wks later • Discussion re: surgical intervention What are the proximal and distal margins in an elective resection for diverticulosis?

  13. Complicated Diverticulitis • Perforation • Abscess/Phlegmon/Peritonitis • Obstruction • Acute inflammation vs. fibrosis • Fistula • Colovesical/Colovaginal • Bleeding

  14. Complicated Diverticulitis - Management • Perforation • With contained abscess • With peritonitis • Obstruction • Acute • Chronic • Fistula • Bleeding

  15. Ulcerative Colitis • Inflammatory condition of the colon and rectum limited to the mucosa and submucosa • Etiology: unknown • Age of onset: Bimodal distribution

  16. Ulcerative Colitis • Disease begins at the dentate line and move proximally without skip areas • 75% confined to proctosigmoiditis • Symptoms: • Numerous bloody bowel movements • “no blood, no UC” • Abdominal pain and cramps • Tenesmus, fecal urgency & incontinence

  17. Ulcerative Colitis – Endoscopic Findings

  18. Ulcerative colitis – Medical Management • Tailored to disease severity • Mild –Moderate disease • Sulfasalazine and its derivatives (mesalamine based compounds) • Immunosuppressives (6-MP, Azathioprine) • Severe disease • Corticosteroids • Cyclosporine A

  19. Ulcerative colitis – Indications for surgery • Elective Intractability Dysplasia, malignancy or malignancy prophylaxis Complications of medications (usually steroids) • Emergency Toxic colitis Hemorrhage Acute exacerbation unresponsive to medical Tx

  20. Emergency Subtotal colectomy with end-ileostomy Elective Proctocolectomy + End ileostomy IPAA Koch pouch Ulcerative Colitis – Surgical options

  21. Ulcerative colitis -IPAA

  22. Crohns Disease • Inflammatory condition of the GI tract of unknown etiology • Bimodal distribution • “mouth to anus” • Skip areas • Transmural • Non-caseating granulomas

  23. Crohns Disease - symptoms • Crampy abdominal pain • Watery diarrhea • Fecal urgency and tenesmus

  24. Crohns Colitis – Endoscopic features • Skip areas – often with rectal sparing • “cobblestone” appearance • Serpigenous ulcerations

  25. Crohns disease -Treatment • Medical management is the mainstay of Crohns disease: • Mild / Moderate disease: 5-ASA compounds • Severe disease: Steroids • 6-Mp and Azathioprine for maintenance

  26. Crohns disease - complications • Abscess • Fistula • Perforation • Toxic colitis • Obstruction • Colonic stricture = malignancy

  27. Crohns Disease - Surgery • Goal: To palliate the symptoms • Location and extent of disease determine operative procedure in Crohns colitis: • Segmental resection vs. proctocolectomy

  28. Large Bowel Obstruction • Etiology: Colon cancer (Left-sided) Volvulus (cecal & sigmoid) Diverticulosis

  29. Large Bowel Obstruction - Presentation • Symptoms • Obstipation, abdominal pain and distention, +/- emesis • Physical Exam • Abdominal distention, tenderness,

  30. Large Bowel Obstruction - Management • Resuscitation • X-Rays… • Plain films • Retrograde GGE • CT scan • …vs. Endoscopy

  31. What is this?

  32. Large Bowel Obstruction - Management • Sigmoid Volvulus • Cecal volvulus • Malignancy (Left side) Hartmann procedure Resection/ on-table lavage/ primary anastomosis Subtotal + anastomosis ? Stent

  33. Colon cancer – Inherited • Familial adenomatous polyposis • Autosomal Dominant (APC gene: 5q21) • Scattered polyps to “carpeted” • 100% lifetime risk of developing cancer without surgery • Extraintestinal manifestations (Gardner’s syndrome) • Desmoids/CHRPE/periampullary ca/epidermal cysts

  34. Colon cancer – Inherited • FAP – Surgical treatment • Proctocolectomy with • End ileostomy • IPAA • Subtotal colectomy / IRA • +/- Sulindac

  35. Colon cancer – Inherited • HNPCC (Lynch Syndrome) • Autosomal dominant • Germline mutation in DNA mismatch repair genes (hMLH1, hMSH2) • Scattered polyps with tendency toward proximal lesions • 80% lifetime risk of developing colon cancer • Amsterdam criteria • Extracolonic malignancies • Endometrial/Ovarian/GU Surgical management: Subtotal / IRA

  36. Non-neoplastic Hyperplastic Juvenile Inflammatory Neoplastic potential Villous adenoma Tubular adenoma Tubulovillous adenoma Colon cancer - polyps Which has the highest malignant potential?

  37. Colon cancer – Sporadic Adenoma to carcinoma:

  38. Cancer in a polyp…

  39. Colon cancer - presentation • Bleeding • Anemia • Guaiac + • Obstruction • Screening

  40. Colon cancer – pre-op evaluation • Family history! • CEA • Colonoscopy • Tissue for diagnosis • Evaluate remainder of colon • Abdominal/Pelvic CT scan • ? PET scan

  41. Colon cancer - staging

  42. Colon cancer – adjuvant therapy • Stage III • 5-FU / Leucovorin based • ? Stage II with adverse features • Poorly differentiated • LVI • Obstruction/Perforation

  43. Colon cancer - surveillance No survival benefit with aggressive surveillance strategies!

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