1 / 52

Urbanisation and the growth of Mega Cities

Urbanisation and the growth of Mega Cities. Shanghai – pop 18 million 2010. TO BE MEGA-CITIES IN 2015 Country Urban agglomeration 1950 1975 2000 2015 Japan............................ Tokyo 6 920 19 771 26 444 27 190 Bangladesh .................. Dhaka 417 2 173 12 519 22 766

marlie
Télécharger la présentation

Urbanisation and the growth of Mega Cities

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Urbanisation and the growth of Mega Cities Shanghai – pop 18 million 2010

  2. TO BE MEGA-CITIES IN 2015 Country Urban agglomeration 1950 1975 2000 2015 Japan............................ Tokyo 6 920 19 771 26 444 27 190 Bangladesh .................. Dhaka 417 2 173 12 519 22 766 India ............................ Mumbai (Bombay) 2 981 7 347 16 086 22 577 Brazil........................... São Paulo 2 528 10 333 17 962 21 229 India ............................ Delhi 1 391 4 426 12 441 20 884 Mexico......................... Mexico City 2 883 10 691 18 066 20 434 United States ............... New York 12 339 15 880 16 732 17 944 Indonesia ..................... Jakarta 1 452 4 814 11 018 17 268 India ............................ Calcutta 4 446 7 888 13 058 16 747 Pakistan ....................... Karachi 1 028 3 990 10 032 16 197 Nigeria......................... Lagos 288 1 890 8 665 15 966 United States ............... Los Angeles 4 046 8 926 13 213 14 494 China ........................... Shanghai 5 333 11 443 12 887 13 598 Argentina..................... Buenos Aires 5 042 9 144 12 024 13 185 Philippines................... Metro Manila 1 544 5 000 9 950 12 579 China ........................... Beijing 3 913 8 545 10 839 11 671 Brazil........................... Rio de Janeiro 2 965 7 963 10 652 11 543 Egypt ........................... Cairo 2 410 6 079 9 462 11 531 Turkey ......................... Istanbul 1 077 3 601 8 953 11 362 Japan............................ Osaka 4 147 9 844 11 013 11 013 China ........................... Tianjin 2 374 6 160 9 156 10 319

  3. Megacities are often primate cities Primate cities (at least double the pop of the second largest city in the country) are typical of many LEDCs and NICs. The city dominates the country’s urban system and economy. Advantages and disadvantages of primate cities?

  4. List of Primate Cities • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Two_divided_by_love

  5. Sustainable city Maintain population, particularly economically active people. Develop human resources. Economic growth. Infrastructure and urban services. Quality of life. Environmental impact. Ecological footprint. Circular metabolism. Green design and architecture. Energy efficiencies. Carbon neutral city. (Masdar)

  6. Land Use

  7. What do we use land for? • RICEPOTS! • Housing • Shopping • Industry • Commerce • Businesses • Recreation • And Many More!

  8. Urban Land Use Model – burgess • The Model above is a typical Land Use model. What are zones A, B, C and D? Why?

  9. A – the centre, known as the Central Business District (CBD). Shops, offices, banks and main services are found here. • B – the Inner City area, older housing (19th Century). Today this is more modernised. • C – the Suburbs, mostly house built in the 1920s or 1930s. People still wanted to live near the centre for work but no more room. • D – the Edge of City, often more leafy areas. It has been common in recent times for shops and industry to move here to reduce congestion in the city, and for the cheaper land and better accessibility.

  10. A – THE CBD

  11. A – THE CBD • High cost of land • High-Order shops, public buildings, entertainment etc. • Often divided into districts eg. Entertainment area • Also can be ‘zoned vertically’ – ground floor shops, first floor offices etc; cheaper rent • Much traffic in certain areas • Usually the oldest and tallest buildings • Low population density normally • Mostly younger people without families

  12. B – INNER CITY – OLDER HOUSING

  13. B – INNER CITY – OLDER HOUSING • Quite high cost of land • Was C19th terraced housing and factories, now with urban regeneration, some new housing and industry • Often see ‘grid-iron’ pattern of streets • High traffic, due to factories and population • Generally C19th buildings, some new • Tall buildings; were packed together (high density), now less so • High population, although lowering. People moved due to crime etc., but now many are returning • In C20th generally poorer groups of people, immigrants etc., although now much more of a variety

  14. C – SUBURBS

  15. C – SUBURBS • Middle and high cost housing; generally low land value but high building value • Detached/ semi detached housing; housing estates; parks; golf courses etc. • Access roads, maybe cul-de-sacs, crescents etc. • Little traffic, away from main roads • Mostly C20th buildings • Low buildings and low density as low cost of land; also need space for greenery etc. • Population density is quite high, tends to be more affluent groups – middle aged couples and families etc.

  16. D – EDGE OF CITY INDUSTRIAL AREAS/ SHOPS

  17. D – EDGE OF CITY INDUSTRIAL AREAS/ SHOPS • Quite low land value, but getting higher – accessible and zoned • Modern factories, offices; middle and high order shops; lots of space for car parking • High traffic at rush hours and peak shopping times • Very new buildings, generally low density • Low population density Study models on pages 492, 493, 494 and 495. In what ways to land use models/ patterns contrast in MEDCs and LEDCs?

  18. Terms • PVLI • Distance-decay • Bid Rent Theory • Urban morphology

  19. The Hoyt Model • Developed in the 1930s by Homer Hoyt this model took into consideration road, river and rail links which may affect the zoning. It is sometimes called the sector model. Describe it using the key to help you.

  20. There are 3 explanations for these land use patterns. 1 Historical The urban area expanded outwards from the original site which is the CBD. 2 Economic Rent in the CBD became too expensive for people. In the suburbs there was more land and it was cheaper. Only businesses could afford to stay in the CBD. 3 Concentrations of similar land uses One part of the urban area may have all the advantages for industrial location so that a lot of factories want to locate there; but few people want to live next door to a factory, so the residential areas are located elsewhere.

  21. Create a table to show similarities and differences between the two models.

  22. It is a model so may not be able to be applied to a specific city. Like the Burgess model it was designed before the car so doesn’t take commuting into consideration Physical features may limit the growth of a zone. Limitations Can you give an example?

  23. Basic urban model for an LEDC city. Higher cost housing and higher class residential areas located centrally. Historical core of colonial city. Rapid urban growth expanding the peripheral areas.

  24. You should have identified: • The CBD is always in the middle • There is no zone of medium class residential in the LEDC model • The poorest housing is found of the edge of the LEDC city • The largest zone is the shanty town. Often called squatter settlements, slums or favelas

  25. Urban growth is too rapid for planners and for the city to provide basic urban infrastructure, housing and services. Peripheral areas characterised by poor quality housing and spontaneous settlements as immigrants attempt to satisfy their basic needs of housing and employment through the informal economy.

  26. Caracas - Venezuela

  27. Rocinha – Rio de Janeiro Brazil

  28. Squatter Settlements Residential areas which have developed without legal claims to the land and/or permission from the concerned authorities to build; as a result of their illegal or semi-legal status, infrastructure and services are usually inadequate. 30% of the urban population of the world live in squatter settlements. 1 billion people!

  29. Watch Richard Neuwirth’s TED presentation on his book Shadow Cities He presents an empathic and positive view of squatter settlements and their role in modern cities. http://www.ted.com/talks/robert_neuwirth_on_our_shadow_cities.html

  30. The role of the Informal Sector This whole process of urbanisation and urban growth is a sum of millions of people’s individual decisions, aspirations, hopes and desire to provide for their loved ones. As the governments are unable to provide solutions, then these individuals, faced with these problems are struggling to find their own solutions to their housing and employment needs. This is why squatter settlements play such a vital role in the process of urban growth we are witnessing now in the world.

  31. Is it possible that squatter settlements, shanty towns, bustees, favelas, slums are part of the solution? Or perhaps is it true that they are a potent symbol of the failure of society to address the basic needs of the majority and it must be the responsibility of the public sector to provide housing for its citizens? Slums of hope or slums of despair?

  32. Problems of the informal economy No money Low profit No investment Low output

  33. Turner’s model can be linked to a intra-urban movement of migrants

  34. Planet Geography pg 496 • Huge gaps between rich and poor in LEDCs? • Shanty next to high rise • TNCs create jobs – only for educated • The rich get richer.... • LEDCs rapidly changing? • DTM? • Shanghai growth • Globalisation and ‘copying’ MEDC growth

  35. Land Use Shanghai

  36. Shanghai Rio de Janeiro Urban stress and sustainable solutions in LEDC cities Mexico City Nairobi

  37. What are the challenges facing an (LEDC) city? • Housing the urban poor • Social deprivation, crime and inequality • Employment • Air / water pollution • Waste management • Transport • Energy • Water and food supply • Public space

  38. AIR POLLUTION

  39. Why have the problems developed? What is the impact on the city? (environmental, economic, social)

  40. LEDCs • Some of the worst air pollution is now in LEDCs or ‘NICs’ – figure 11.117 pg 507 • Beijing example; question block 11P page 513

  41. Urban Microclimates • A microclimate is • a local atmospheric zone where the climate differs from the surrounding area. The term may refer to areas as small as a few square feet (for example a garden bed) or as large as many square miles • Why might an urban area have a ‘microclimate’? • What is meant by an ‘urban heat island?’ – q block 11O page 510.

  42. Other ‘Social Stresses’ • Using pages 515-523 list the ‘other’ social stresses which appear in urban areas. • Complete questions 1,2,3,4,7,8,10 and 12 pg 524

  43. Urban Stress in London • Usual problems – pollution, traffic, overcrowding • Huge gap between rich and poor • Inner city urban blight – poor, old housing (East End), schools • High rise estates to make up for shortfall (600,000) • These areas associated with crime, violence and Graffiti.

  44. Urban Stress in London • Huge range of migrants (former port city) • 1960s from former colonies in Asia (Pakistan, Sri Lanka); East Africa (Uganda) and in the 1980/90s large numbers of refugees from eg Afghanistan, Iraq. • Creates ‘urban villages’ where people cluster, creates a ‘hotbed’ of culture in London • Has led to some hostility and racism • History of riots in the city – Brixton (25% population of different racial background)

  45. However... • Not ALL bad! • ‘In a 100m stretch in Finsbury Park can be seen an Irish pub, Indian newsagents, food shop and restaurant, West Indian businesses, West African restaurant, Chinese take away, Lebanese flower shop, Jewish run ironmongers, Italian restaurant, Spanish off-licence... This rich mix of cultures rubbing alongside one another that characterises contemporary London and adds so much to its vitality’ • Read pgs528-535; q’s 1, 5, 7, 8, 9

  46. The Sustainable City • Can a city be ‘sustainable’? • ‘A sustainable city, or eco-city is a city designed with consideration of environmental impact, inhabited by people dedicated to minimization of required inputs of energy, water and food, and waste output of heat, air pollution - CO2, methane and water pollution’

  47. How does a city attempt to manage the problems it faces? • Socially sustainable housing management strategy. • Environmentally sustainable pollution management strategy. • A strategy to control the growth of the city. • Also perhaps sustainable management related to social welfare, waste, energy, transport etc

  48. Sustainable Housing • What is done to provide socially sustainable housing for the urban poor? • Affordable housing provided by government or private sector • Upgrading squatter settlements • Slum clearance and relocation • Site and service schemes • Loans for people to buy housing • Other options in London, Shanghai • or Beijing? • - Can a ‘system’ be in place? • Study figure 11.202 pg 535 • Complete q’s 2 and 3 pg 537

  49. London – Sustainable? • TASK: • Read pgs 537 – 543 and make a table

More Related