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TECHNOLOGIES FOR GRID ENERGY STORAGE

TECHNOLOGIES FOR GRID ENERGY STORAGE. Presented by ALI SALMAN RANA EE-106-005. INTRODUCTION. “Grid energy storage” (also called large-scale energy storage ) refers to the methods used to store electricity within an electrical power grid.

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TECHNOLOGIES FOR GRID ENERGY STORAGE

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  1. TECHNOLOGIES FOR GRID ENERGY STORAGE Presented by ALI SALMAN RANA EE-106-005

  2. INTRODUCTION “Grid energy storage” (also called large-scale energy storage) refers to the methods used to store electricity within an electrical power grid. “Electrical energy is stored during times when production (from power plants) exceeds consumption and the stores are utilized at times when consumption exceeds production.”

  3. GENERALIZED MODEL

  4. BENEEFITS • Energy storage can be used to maintain continuity of service, particularly valuable for “intermittent energy sources.” • Energy Storage systems can be used to compensate unevenness in voltage on a power line. • Energy storage can be used to regulate AC frequency in the power system to protect sensitive electrical equipment. • Using Energy Storage the production must not be so drastically scaled up and down to meet momentary consumption, instead, production is maintained at a more constant level. This has the advantage that fuel-based power plants (i.e. coal, oil, gas) can be more efficiently and easily operated at constant production levels.  

  5. TECHNOLOGIES USED • Compressed Air Energy Storage • Battery Storage • Fly Wheel Energy Storage • Pumped Hydroelectric Storage • Hydrogen Storage • Thermal Storage • Superconducting Magnetic Storage

  6. COMPRESSED AIR • Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) refers to the compression of air to be used later as an energy source. At utility scale, it can be stored during periods of low energy demand, and used in periods of higher energy demand. • Compressed air storage essentially involves using electricity to compact air and force it into porous rock layers underground. The pressure in such a storage facility can quite easily reach 100 bars. Then, when the air is released it drives a generator via a turbine to produce electricity. • Compressed-air energy storage is an already tried-and-tested technology, although it has one drawback: The efficiency of existing CAES plant technology is below 55% since the emerging compression heat goes unutilized today.

  7. Compressed Air Energy Storage

  8. BATTERIES • Batteries use and release energy through chemical reactions and are perfect for power back-up and energy storage. • Batteries come in many types, can be stacked or enlarged to store more energy and can drive electricity for seconds to hours. • On the longevity end, there are trailer-sized flow batteries like zinc-bromide and high-temperature batteries like sodium-sulfur. These can supply up to 20 megawatts of power for hours. • On the burst-of-power end, lead-acid batteries are commonly used today. Other batteries include metal-air, lithium-ion, nickel-cadmium and lead-carbon. DRAWBACK Batteries are generally expensive, have high maintenance, and have limited lifespans.

  9. $15 Million Zinc Bromide 31.5 MAh Battery

  10. FLY WHEEL • Flywheel energy storage (FES) works by accelerating a rotor (flywheel) to a very high speed and maintaining the energy in the system as rotational energy. • When energy is extracted from the system, the flywheel's rotational speed is reduced as a consequence of the principle of conservation of energy; adding energy to the system correspondingly results in an increase in the speed of the flywheel.

  11. PUMPED HYDROELECTRIC • Pumped Storage Hydroelectricity is a type of hydroelectric power generation used by some power plants for energy storage. • This method stores energy in the form of water, pumped from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation reservoir. • Low-cost off-peak electric power or intermitted energy sources like wind turbine and solar cells are used to run the pumps. • During periods of high electrical demand, the stored water is released through turbines. Drawbacksto pumped storage are its high capital cost, geographical and environmental restrictions on sitting a reservoir or dam, and sensitivity to drought conditions.

  12. PUMPED STORAGE PLANT

  13. PUMPED STORAGE PLANT

  14. HYDROGEN • Hydrogen is produced (typically using electrical energy and/or heat), then sometimes compressed or liquefied, stored, and then converted back to electrical energy and/or heat. • Compared to pumped water storage and batteries, hydrogen has the advantage that it is a high energy density, amassable fuel. • Hydrogen can be produced either by reforming natural gas with stream or by the electrolysis of water, resulting into hydrogen and oxygen. • Stored hydrogen is finally converted back to electricity in a fuel cell which converts chemical energy into electricity without combustion.

  15. HYDROGEN POWER BASICS

  16. HYDROGEN POWER GENERATION

  17. THERMAL STORAGE • Thermal energy storage technologies store heat, usually from active solar collectors that are later used in domestic space heating, or process hot water, or to generate electricity. • Most promising for the grid energy storage is the use of molten salt or other thermal storage media to store the heat of the sun by concentrating solar power using mirrors arrayed in parabolic fashion or power tower designed to concentrate solar radiation on a thermal fluid. • These solar thermal electric generation plants can be built without storage facilities, with storage included generation can be postponed for as much as a week and potentially more by releasing the heat from the storage medium when electricity is needed.

  18. THERMAL STORAGE

  19. SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETIC • Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) systems store energy in the magnetic field created by the flow of direct current in a superconducting coil which has been cooled to a temperature below its superconducting critical temperature. • The stored energy can be released back to the network by discharging the coil. • SMES loses the least amount of electricity in the energy storage process compared to other methods of storing energy. SMES systems are highly efficient, there efficiency is greater than 95%. • Due to the energy requirements of refrigeration and the high cost of superconducting wire, SMES is currently used only for short duration energy storage. • In future SMES will be used as large scale energy storage

  20. SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETIC

  21. SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETIC

  22. ECONOMICS OF ENERGY STORAGE “When it comes to actual costs, energy storage is not cheap," • For every $700 invested in compressed air system, the utility gets 1 kilowatt of electricity. • Pumped hydroelectric costs around $2,250 per kilowatt. • For power that lasts minutes to hours, lithium-ion batteries cost $1,100 per kilowatt. • Flywheels cost $1,250 per kilowatt. • Flow batteries cost $2,500 per kilowatt. • High-temperature batteries like sodium-sulfur cost $3,100 per kilowatt.

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