Haunted Monastery paper is due FRIDAY, MARCH 4.

1. Haunted Monastery paper is due FRIDAY, MARCH 4.

2. FROM FRIDAY: Obstacles to the adoption of Chinese Confucian cultural complex in Korea, Japan, Vietnam: Buddhism, aristocracy MEDIEVAL VIETNAM: Vietnamese expand into other parts of SE Asia, become dominant political/cultural force in region. CHINA

3. WESTERN EUROPE: POLITICAL AND CULTURAL PLURALISM When last we left Rome (5th c. C.E.), she was dealing with some unwanted guests...

4. Lack of political unity after 5th c. C.E. invasions by • Germanic tribes (the Dark Ages before the Renaissance) • A. After Rome falls, political and cultural centers shift to France, • Germany, England. • B. Religious center remains ROME (home of Pope). Rome BYZANTINE SOON TO BE ISLAMIC

5. II. Popes’ attempts to recapture political/religious unity (resurrect the Roman Empire in Christian context) A. CHARLEMAGNE (d. 814) crowned emperor, 800 Frankish leader in France and NW Germany→CAROLINGIAN (from “Charles”) emperor

6. B. King Otto I of Germany (936-73) first HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR (NOTE: The Holy Roman Empire did NOT cover the same territory as the Roman Empire. It was largely a German/Central European empire.) C. Holy Roman Empire remains fragmented collection of kingdoms, duchies (ruled by dukes), and bishoprics (ruled by bishops).

7. III. Religion as source of unity (?) A. Pope still had political power. B. Pope vs. W. European kings: Pope excommunicates kings for appointing their own bishops C. Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV vs. Pope Gregory VII (11th c.) – Henry spends 3 days praying in snow before Pope takes him back. Henry IV Anti-Pope Gregory VII

8. IV. Monastic orders in Roman Catholicism as source of unity A. Monasteries kept scholarship alive during Dark Ages. B. Independent economic base: monks and nuns had to work (contrast to Buddhist monks). C. Saint Benedict (480-543) spread Catholicism to incompletely Christianized regions of Italy. St. Benedict (480-543 C.E.)

9. Nonnberg, Benedictine abbey near Salzburg, Austria (originally built 700 C.E.)… …and a scene from the most famous movie ever filmed there

10. V. Universities as source of unity A. Inspired by Islamic theological academies in Spain and Sicily B. Train churchmen C. LATIN curriculum D. In 12th c. Spain, churchmen translate Greek classics from Arabic into Latin (the “12th-Century Renaissance”). E. Churchmen serve kings as bureaucrats. King’s College, Cambridge University (founded 1441)

11. F. Clash of loyalties for churchmen-bureaucrats: loyalty to Church vs. loyalty to king Thomas Becket, archbishop of Canterbury, murdered by knights of Henry II of England, 1270, after refuting Henry’s claim that clergy should be subject to royal, not Church, courts.

12. VI. Pilgrimages to saints’ shrines, e.g., Thomas Becket’s at Canterbury, as source of unity→TRADE shrine above altar where Becket was murdered, ← and spot where his head hit the floor→

13. VII. Feudal society: hierarchy of obligations KING (military service, advice) CLERGY feudal lords who own MANORS (goods, labor) PEASANTS Friction between king and feudal lords: to avoid being controlled by lords, king attempts to CENTRALIZE STATE (roots of modern nation-states)→PARLIAMENTS represent landed aristocrats (former feudal lords).

14. VIII. Trade and alternative power centers A. Trading centers: Venice and Genoa, Champagne Fairs CHAMPAGNE Venice Genoa

15. B. Autonomy of trading towns→municipalities run by merchant citizens (bourgeois, burghers) C. Dilutes power of feudal lords The “Burgermeister Meisterburger”

16. IX. National cultures A. Vernaculars displace Latin by 14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales B. Latin still language of Church and universities Opening of The Canterbury Tales: 1: Whan that aprill with his shoures soote 2: The droghte of march hath perced to the roote, 3: And bathed every veyne in swich licour 4: Of which vertu engendred is the flour;

17. Haunted Monastery paper is due FRIDAY, MARCH 4.