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Earth and Other Planets

Earth and Other Planets. Chapter 16. Great Idea: Earth, one of the planets that orbit the Sun, formed 4.5 billion years ago from a great cloud of dust. Chapter Outline. The Formation of the Solar System Exploring the Solar System. The Formation of the Solar System.

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Earth and Other Planets

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  1. Earth and Other Planets Chapter 16 Great Idea: Earth, one of the planets that orbit the Sun, formed 4.5 billion years ago from a great cloud of dust.

  2. Chapter Outline • The Formation of the Solar System • Exploring the Solar System

  3. The Formation of the Solar System

  4. Clues to the Origin of the Solar System • Solar system • Objects gravitationally bound to Sun • Deduction of origin • Observations • Earth • Space

  5. Clue #1: Planetary Orbits • Features of solar system • All planets orbit in same direction • Orbits in same plane • Most rotate in direction of orbit

  6. Clue #2: Distribution of Mass • Most material within Sun • Two types of planets • Terrestrial planets • Jovian planets • Other objects • Moons, asteroids, comets

  7. The Nebular Hypothesis • Nebular Hypothesis • Cloud of dust and gas • 99% H and He • Collapse of nebula • Planetary orbits • Clumping of matter • Planetesimals • Temperature

  8. The surface of Venus is shrouded in clouds, but the Magellan spacecraft produced radar images ofthe surface. In this computer-generated view of a Venusian volcano, thevertical relief has beengreatly exaggerated.

  9. The Formation of Earth • Planetesimals • Combined to form earth • Great bombardment • Meteors • Growth of planet • 20 metric tons per day

  10. Differentiation • Differentiation • Heat from collisions • Dense material sank to center • Lighter material rose to surface • Structure • Core • Mantle • Crust

  11. Researchers attain high pressures, equivalent to those deep inside the Earth and other planets, using the diamond anvil cell. Looking through such diamond cells you can observe pressurized samples such as this high-pressure ice crystal that was formed at room temperature by squeezing water.

  12. Earth’s Atmosphere • The temperature of the atmosphere is a complicated function of altitude.

  13. Our Atmosphere 50% below 3.5 miles 90% below 10 miles 99% below 20 miles ozone hole global warming

  14. A Clicker Question. The concentration of which gas is increasing in our atmosphere leading to global warming? • water • acetone • carbon dioxide • carbon monoxide • tri-carbon

  15. Ozone and the Upper Atmosphere • Ozone absorbs photons with a wavelength between 240 and 310 nm. • Most of the ozone is present in the stratosphere • Between 30 and 90 km photodissociation of oxygen is possible: • O2(g) + h 2O(g)

  16. Ozone and the Upper Atmosphere • The oxygen atoms can collide with oxygen molecules to form ozone: • O(g) + O2(g)  O3(g)

  17. Ozone and the Upper Atmosphere • Depletion of the Ozone Layer • In 1974 Rowland and Molina showed that chlorine from chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) deplete the ozone layer by catalyzing the formation of ClO and O2.

  18. The Formation of the Moon • Big Splash • Large object impacted earth • Parts of mantle blown into orbit • Moon formed from this material

  19. Planetary Idiosyncracies • Cratering • Mercury, Mars, Moon • None on earth • weathering • Rotation • Venus • Earth’s axis • Uranus

  20. The Evolution of Planetary Atmospheres • Earth’s atmosphere • Early • Outgassing • Atmosphere was N2, CO2, H2, & H2O • Gravitational escape • Living organisms

  21. Exploring the Solar System

  22. The Inner Solar System • Mercury, Venus, Mars • Mercury and Venus too hot for life • Mars Exploration • Multiple missions • Found evidence of water

  23. The Outer Solar System • Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune • Layered structure • No solid surface • Jupiter • Comet Shoemaker-Levy • Galileo spacecraft • Saturn • Cassini spacecraft

  24. Moons and Rings of the Outer Planets • Moons • Io • Europa • Titan • Rings • Ice and rock

  25. Pluto • Pluto • Outermost planet • .3% of earth’s mass • Three moons • Formation • Captured comet or asteroid • Still open to question

  26. A Tenth Planet? • Xena • Orbits sun every 560 years • One moon • Larger than Pluto

  27. Asteroids, Comets, and Meteors • Asteroids • Small rocky bodies • Orbit sun • Most in belt between Mars and Jupiter • Comets • Dirty snowballs • Orbit outside Pluto • Oort cloud • Kuiper belt • Halley’s Comet • Stardust and Deep Impact missions • Meteoroids, Meteors, and Meteorites • Meteor showers • Original solar system material

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