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Welcome

Welcome. Welcome to BIO 204 Anatomy & Physiology II Mrs. Wendy Rappazzo Associate Professor, Biology. Textbook Features. Learning Outcomes Illustrations and Photos Pronunciation Guides Checkpoint Questions The A&P Top 100 Tips & Tricks Clinical Notes Chain Link Icons.

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Welcome

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  1. Welcome Welcome to BIO 204 Anatomy & Physiology II Mrs. Wendy RappazzoAssociate Professor, Biology

  2. Textbook Features Learning Outcomes Illustrations and Photos Pronunciation Guides Checkpoint Questions The A&P Top 100 Tips & Tricks Clinical Notes Chain Link Icons End-of-Chapter Study and Review Materials Systems Overview Section System in Perspective Summaries Colored Tabs End-of-Book Reference Sections • Important features of the textbook

  3. Learning Supplements • Supplements • The InterActive Physiology® (IP) CD • HCC Portal for Mastering A and PRequired & Supplemental Material (very helpful) • Get Ready for A&P! (available online) • Atlas of the Human Body • A&P Applications Manual • Study Guide (optional) • Faculty website:

  4. Class & Lab Supplies ● 2 – 3” 3 ring binder (recommended 1 binder per unit) with extra paper ● pencils, pens, colored pencils, highlighter ● index cards ● lab folder with prongs or binder

  5. Anatomy & Physiology Review Concepts from BIO 099/119 & BIO 203(see also BIO 099/119 review from BIO 203 website)

  6. Chemistry Review – Chapter 2 • Chemistry Review

  7. Elements of the Human Body

  8. Elements of the Human Body

  9. Elements of the Human Body

  10. Elements of the Human Body

  11. Chemistry Review InorganicOrganic WaterCHO ElectrolytesLipids Acids/BasesProteins Nucleic Acids

  12. pH and Homeostasis • pH • The concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution • pH Scale: 0 - 14 • A balance of H+ and OH— • Pure water = 7.0< 7 = acidic> 7 = alkaline • pH of human blood • Ranges from 7.35 to 7.45

  13. pH and Homeostasis • pH Scale • Has an inverse relationship with H+ concentration • More H+ ions mean lower pH, less H+ ions mean higher pH

  14. pH and Homeostasis FIGURE 2–9 pH and Hydrogen Ion Concentration.

  15. Carbohydrates Important Concepts: We only burn glucose for fuel – Glycogen is stored in the liver and skeletal muscles Glycogenesis: making glycogen from glucose Glycogenolysis: breaking glycogen down into glucoseGluconeogenesis: making glucose from amino acids & glycerol

  16. Lipids Important Concepts: Fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturated Unsaturated can be omega-3 or omega-6 fatty acids – important health implications Fatty acids & Glycerol are the preferred fuel source for many tissues.

  17. Proteins • Proteins are the most abundant and important organic molecules • Contain basic elements : C,H,O and N • Basic building blocks • 20 amino acids: essential vs. nonessential

  18. Proteins Enzymes are catalysts • Proteins that are not changed or used up in the reaction • specific — will only work on limited types of substrates • limited — by their saturation • regulated — by other cellular chemicals FIGURE 2–21 A Simplified View of Enzyme Structure and Function.

  19. Nucleic Acids • Nucleic acids are large organic molecules, found in the nucleus, which store and process information at the molecular levelDeoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) • Codes for every protein • Double stranded • ATCG Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) • Important for protein synthesis • Single stranded • AUCG

  20. ATP • Nucleotides can be used to store energy • Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-Two phosphate groups; di- = 2 • Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) -Three phosphate groups; tri- = 3 • ADP + P ↔ATP + E • ATPase : The enzyme that catalyzes phosphorylation (the addition of a high-energy phosphate group to a molecule)

  21. A Review of Cells • Cell surrounded by a watery medium known as the extracellular fluid (interstitial fluid) • Plasma membrane separates cytoplasm from the ECF • Cytoplasm - Cytosol = liquid-contains organelles BioFlix Tour of Animal Cell

  22. Organelles and the Cytoplasm • Cytosol (fluid) • Dissolved materials: • nutrients, ions, proteins, and waste products • High potassium/low sodium • High protein • High carbohydrate/low amino acid and fat • Organelles • Structures with specific functions

  23. Organelles Review

  24. Organelles Review

  25. Mitochondria Aerobic metabolism (cellular respiration) • Mitochondria use O2 to break down food and produce ATP • G + O2 + ADP  CO2 + H2O + ATP Glycolysis: glucose to pyruvic acid net gain 2 ATP when anaerobic= lactic acid Transition Reaction: pyruvic acid to acetyl Co-A

  26. Mitochondria Aerobic metabolism (cellular respiration) • Mitochondria use O2 to break down food and produce ATP • G + O2 + ADP  CO2 + H2O + ATP Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA or Krebs cycle): • Acetyl CoA to CO2 (in matrix) & reduced coenzymes Electron transport chain • inner mitochondrial membraneH+ ions used to make ATP

  27. The Nucleus DNA • Instructions for every protein in the body • Gene • DNA instructions for one protein • Genetic code • The chemical language of DNA instructions: • sequence of bases (A, T, C, G) • Triplet code: • 3 bases = 1 amino acid

  28. Cell Differentiation • All cells carry complete DNA instructions for all body functions • Cells specialize or differentiate • To form tissues (liver cells, fat cells, and neurons) • By turning off all genes not needed by that cell • All body cells, except sex cells, contain the same 46 chromosomes • Differentiation depends on which genes are active and which are inactive

  29. Cell Division

  30. Mitosis and Cancer

  31. Mitosis and Cancer

  32. Mitosis and Cancer

  33. Protein Synthesis • The Role of Gene Activation in Protein Synthesis • The nucleus contains chromosomes • Chromosomes contain DNA • DNA stores genetic instructions for proteins • Proteins determine cell structure and function

  34. Protein Synthesis • Transcription • Copies instructions from DNA to mRNA (in nucleus) • Translation • Ribosome reads code from mRNA (in cytoplasm) • Assembles amino acids into polypeptide chain • Processing • By RER and Golgi apparatus produce protein

  35. Functions of the Plasma Membrane Physical Barrier Regulates exchange • Ions and nutrients enter • Wastes eliminated and cellular products released Monitors the environment • Extracellular fluid composition • Chemical signals Structural support • Anchors cells and tissues

  36. Membrane Transport • The plasma (cell) membrane is a barrier, but • Nutrients must get in • Products and wastes must get out • Permeability determines what moves in and out of a cell, and a membrane that • Lets nothing in or out is impermeable • Lets anything pass is freely permeable • Restricts movement is selectively permeable

  37. Membrane Transport • Plasma membrane is selectively permeable • Allows some materials to move freely • Restricts other materials • Selective permeability restricts materials based on • Size • Electrical charge • Molecular shape • Lipid solubility Membrane permeability

  38. Diffusion • Diffusion is a Function of the Concentration Gradient & Kinetic Energy • Solutes move down a concentration gradient until? Factors Affecting Diffusion • Distance the particle has to move • Molecule size • Temperature • Gradient size • Electrical forces

  39. Filtration Movement of molecules due to a pressure gradient (net filtration pressure) Osmotic Pressure: pressure which holds water (absorption): in blood mainly due to plasma proteins Hydrostatic Pressure: pressure which pushes molecules out of blood (filtration)

  40. Tonicity • A cell in a hypotonic solution: • Gains water • Ruptures (hemolysis of red blood cells) • A cell in a hypertonic solution: • Loses water • Shrinks (crenation of red blood cells)

  41. Carriers and Vesicles • Carrier-Mediated Transport • Facilitated diffusion • Specificity: • Saturation limits: • Regulation:

  42. Carriers and Vesicles • Carrier-Mediated Transport • Cotransport • Two substances move in the same direction at the same time • Countertransport • One substance moves in while another moves out

  43. Carriers and Vesicles • Carrier-Mediated Transport • Active transport • Active transport proteins: • move substrates against concentration gradient • require energy, such as ATP • ion pumps move ions (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+) • exchange pump countertransports two ions at the same time

  44. Carriers and Vesicles Active transport • Sodium-potassium exchange pumpsodium ions (Na+) out, potassium ions (K+) in -1 ATP moves 3 Na+ and 2 K+

  45. Carriers and Vesicles • Active transport- • Secondary active transport -Na+ concentration gradient drives glucose transport • ATP energy pumps Na+ back out

  46. Carriers and Vesicles • Vesicular Transport (or bulk transport) • Materials move into or out of cell in vesicles • Endocytosis (endo- = inside) is active transport using ATP: • receptor mediated • pinocytosis • phagocytosis • Exocytosis (exo- = outside) • Granules or droplets are released from the cell

  47. Carriers and Vesicles Endocytosis • Receptor-mediated endocytosis: • Receptors (glycoproteins) bind target molecules (ligands) • Coated vesicle (endosome) carries ligands and receptors into the cell

  48. Carriers and Vesicles Endocytosis • Pinocytosis • Endosomes “drink” extracellular fluid • Phagocytosis • Pseudopodia (psuedo- = false, pod- = foot) • Engulf large objects in phagosomes

  49. Carriers and Vesicles Figure 3–22 Phagocytosis.

  50. Carriers and Vesicles Exocytosis • Is the reverse of endocytosis • Secretion

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