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Understanding Chemical Reactions: Types, Equations, and Solubility Rules

Chemical equations represent the process where substances transform into different substances through reactions. Key types include synthesis (two reactants forming one product), decomposition (one reactant yielding two products), single displacement (an element and compound creating a new element and compound), double displacement (two compounds generating different compounds), and combustion (hydrocarbon reacting with oxygen). Additionally, solubility rules dictate the solubility of various compounds in water, crucial for predicting reaction outcomes in chemistry.

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Understanding Chemical Reactions: Types, Equations, and Solubility Rules

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  1. CHEMICAL EQUATIONS The process by which one or more substances are changed into one or more different substances

  2. Reactions are represented by a chemical equation • Reactants Products • Must have the same number and type of atoms on both sides of the equation

  3. Synthesis Reactions • Two reactants produce one product • Examples: NH3 + HCl  NH4Cl H2 + O2 H2O Ag + S  Ag2S Al + Cl2 AlCl3

  4. Decomposition • One reactant produces two products • Examples Ag2O  Ag + O2 PCl5 PCl3 + Cl2 H2O2 H2O + O2 CuO  Cu + O2

  5. Single Displacement • One element and one compound producing a different element and compound • Examples Fe + H3(PO4)  H2 + Fe3(PO4)2 H2 + CuO  Cu + H2O Zn + HCl  H2 + ZnCl2 Cl2 + KBr  Br2 + KCl

  6. Double Displacement • Two compounds producing two different compounds • Examples: Al(NO3)3 + NaOH  Al(OH)3 + NaNO3 PbCl2 + Li2SO4 PbSO4 + LiCl ZnBr2 + AgNO3 Zn(NO3)2 + AgBr BaCl2 + KIO3 Ba(IO3)2 + KCl

  7. Combustion A hydrocarbon reacts with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water Examples: CH4 + O2 CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O

  8. Chemical Equations from Names • magnesium and hydrogen chloride produce hydrogen and magnesium chloride • calcium hydroxide and lithium chloride produce lithium hydroxide and calcium chloride • decompose copper (II) oxide into copper and oxygen • aluminum and iron (III) oxide produce iron and aluminum oxide • combustion of butane (C4H10) in air to produce carbon dioxide and water

  9. Predict the Product Magnesium and nitrogen Copper II oxide is decomposed into its elements Chlorine and potassium bromide Calcium hydroxide and hydrogen sulfate Iron (III) chloride and sodium hydroxide Methane is combusted in air

  10. SOLUBILITY RULES • All common salts of Group I elements and ammonium are soluble • All common acetates and nitrates are soluble • All binary compounds of Group 7 (other than F) with metals are soluble except those of silver, mercury I and lead • All sulfates are soluble except those of barium, strontium, calcium, silver, mercury I and lead • Except for those in Rule 1, carbonates, hydroxides, oxides, sulfides and phosphates are insoluble

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