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Comprehensive Overview of MPEG Standard for Digital Video Compression

Explore the fundamental principles, coding techniques, and applications of MPEG standard in machine vision and digital image analysis. Learn about motion compensation, DCT, quantization, variable length coding, and frame structures. Discover the optimization for different resolutions and formats within the MPEG family.

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Comprehensive Overview of MPEG Standard for Digital Video Compression

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  1. CT20A6100MACHINE VISION AND DIGITAL IMAGE ANALYSIS • MPEG • Pauli Jutila • Cristina Petre

  2. Contents 1. Introduction to MPEG 2. MPEG Family 3. Intra Frame Coding Techniques 4. Non-Intra Frame Coding Techniques 5.Summary

  3. Why do we need video compression? Example video compression - 1920x1080 pixels 30 frames/sec 8 bits/color => 1.5Gb/sec - 6MHz channel bandwidth => 19.2Mb/sec => compression 83:1

  4. The MPEG Family

  5. MPEG-1 Basic form using motion compensated block-based transform coding techniques Optimized to work for 352x240 at 30frames/sec or 352x288 at 25frames/sec ,possible to go up to 4095x4095 Defined for progressive frames only No direct provision for interlaced video applications

  6. MPEG-2 Designed for digital television broadcasting Potentially high quality video (4-9Mb/sec) Profiles and levels : profile - bitstream scalability, colorspace resolution level - image resolution, maximum bit-rate/profile MP@ML : 720x480 at 30 frames/sec MP@HL : 1920x1080 at 30 frame/sec

  7. MPEG-4 Interactive content Object-oriented composite files Image blocks are arbitrary shaped Multiplexes and synchronizes data Divided into a number of parts-compatibility issue

  8. Coding Techniques

  9. Intra Frame Coding Bit-Rate Control Video Filter DCT Quantizer Run-Lenght VLC Bit-Stream Buffer

  10. Video Filter • The human eye is less sensitive to chrominance than luminance. • RGB  YCbCr • Choice of sub-sampling ratios: • 4:4:4 (Professional, Post-Production) • 4:2:2 (same as above) • 4:1:1 (DV Camcorder) • 4:2:0 (Web, DVD)

  11. Discrete Cosine Transform • Nearly optimal in energy consentration and decorrelating • The human eye is less sensitive to changes in higher frequencies • Calculated in blocks, usually 8x8

  12. DCT Coefficient Quantization • 12-bit coefficient is divided by a corresponding value from intra quantization matrix • Each value in the resultant matrix is pre-scaled by multiplying by a single value, known as the quantizer scale code (1-112) • The goal is to force as many of the DCT coefficients to zero or near zero

  13. Variable Length Coding • Zigzag-scanning  long runs of consecutive zeros • Alternate pattern in MPEG-2 (for interlaced video) • Huffman coding

  14. Coding Techniques

  15. I,P,B Frames I-pictures: intra-coded no motion-compensated prediction used as reference picture P-picture: inter-coded forward predicted (from I or P frame) B-picture: inter-coded bi-directional prediction high coding efficiency

  16. I,P,B Frames

  17. Motion Estimation

  18. Matching

  19. Prediction Error Compensation

  20. Non-Intra Decoding

  21. Summary Video compression is needed! MPEG enables a wide range of applications Different standards but same principles Spatial and temporal processing

  22. References • Barry G. Haskell, Atul Puri, Arun N. Netravali, Digital Video: An Introduction to MPEG-2, Chapman and Hall, 1997. • Joan L. Mitchell, William B. Pennebaker, Chad E. Fogg, Didier J. LeGall, MPEG Video Compression Standard, Chapman and Hall, 1997. • John Wiseman, An Introduction to MPEG Video Compression, 1998 • Marius Preda, Les standards MPEG dans l'espace multimedia, 2005 • E. G. Richardson, Video Codec Design, Wiley, 2002 • Wikipedia

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