Europe Before C.E.

1. Europe Before C.E. Warm Up: Listen to the ancient Greek music. What evidence and interpretation does the music give. Title: Anakrousis Objective: Analyzing how Ancient Greek and Roman History, Economics and culture influence our society. Standard: 10:1 (1-3) Homework: pages 5-11

2. Archeology vs. History • Paleolithic era Paintings Altimira-15,000 years ago • History = written

4. City-States • Effects of Greek Geography • Greece was broken up into various groups called polis or “city-states” - the strongest of which was Athens. • · City-states in Greece had different forms of governments.

5. End of Monarchy- Solon’s Reforms- Aristocracy • 600 B.C. Indentured servitude because of debt • Solon canceled debts and made slavery illegal • Class of citizenship based on wealth not heredity • However, citizen = landowning, Athenian, males • Opened trading

6. Direct Democracy- Cleisthenes 508 BC • Many new leaders gained power by appealing to majority of poor in exchange for power. • Clesthenes Reforms: all people could propose laws; the council of 500 were selected by random lot.

7. Greek Democracy • As the Persians expanded, the city-states united to defeat them in 479 BC • Athens became the leader of a 140 city-state alliance (the Delian League) • Athens began to use its navy to control League members

8. Pericles 461-429BC • The Age of Pericles also known as the Golden Age • Paid public officials allowing peasants to gain wealthy • Developed Direct Democracy • However, rivalry grew between Athens and Sparta. • In the Trojan Wars, Sparta defeats Athens and disbands alliance • Once Greece was weakened, Macedonia took over - led by King Phillip and later Alexander the Great

9. Greek Philosophers • Assumptions: 1) The Universe is orderly and unchanging 2) Use logic and reason to understand • Socrates and the Socratic method.Those unskilled should not hold power.Thinking not memorization. • Plato’s Republic: Rule not by wealthiest but wisest • Aristotle’s Politics: “It is man’s nature to live in a state”

10. Socrates “I can not teach anyone anything I can only make them think”

11. Plato, The Republic “ Until Philosophers are kings, or the king and princes of this world have the spirit and power of philosophy, and political greatness and wisdom meet in one, and those commoner natures who pursue either to the exclusion of the other are compelled to stand aside, cities will never have rest from the evils, no, nor the human race.”

12. Plato Myth of Metals “The god who fashioned you mixed gold in the composition of those among you who are fit to rule so that they are of the precious quality; and he put silver in the Auxiliaries and Iron and Brass in the farmers and craftsmen”

13. Aristotle The most perfect political community is one in which the middle class is in control, and outnumbers both of the other classes.

14. Plato’s view on the soul The Soul is divided into 3 parts • The intellect • The will • The appetite (Desire) Example: • I need to study for the test • I will study from 8-10 tonight • My friends invited me to the movie

16. Romans 1000-500BC • Latins (first Romans) defeated Greeks and Etrusions in current day Italy • Adapted many Greek cultural ideas

17. Kingdom to Republic • In 509 BC Roman Aristocrats overthrew the Caesar. They formed the new government • Republic-citizens have the right to elect their leader • Struggle between patricians (landowners) and plebeians (peasants)

18. Republican Government • The Senate: aristocratic branch of government (foreign and financial issues) • Magistrates: Ran military command during war. Oversaw legal system. Censors oversaw moral conduct. • In time of crises allowed to have a dictator for 6 months (Julius Caesar • Expansion: Anatolia to Spain

19. Decline of the Romans • Succession of Generals • Last Julius Caesar is most successful as a dictator • Killed in 44 BC by Senators • His Nephew Augustus Octavian Imperial Age • Creation of Pax Romana- a long period of Peace and limited expansion of the

20. Roman Law- Pax Romana Principals • All citizens are seen as equal under the law • People are innocent until proven guilty • Burden of proof on accuser • Laws that seemed unreasonable could be set aside

21. Fall Of Rome Politics: • Incapable leaders. • Wealthy Landowners withdrew their support. • No longer a feeling that there was a responsibility to Government. Economy: • Empire too spread out. • High taxes. • High unemployment. • Lazy wealthy/Drains resources. Social issues: • Citizens evaded military service. • Soldiers had little loyalty to Rome, could not beat Germans who were loyal to chiefs.

22. Summary Questions • What’s the difference between Archeology and History? • What is an Aristocracy? • What is a Monarchy? • What is a Republic? • What is a city State? • Who instituted reforms of citizenship based on wealth instead of heredity? • He allowed all people to propose laws. • Who created an Empire after the collapse of Greece? • Which Occurred first Classical Greece or the Roman Empire? • Who were the Philosophers? • Most successful Cesar who was murdered by Senators. • Roman Group who were elected officials.

23. (Honors) Select 1 and type 1 page paper. Discussion question • Socrates stated that the unexamined life is not worth living? Do you think that is valid? Why? • The Traits of Duty, Piety and Loyalty were highly valued in Rome. If we were to develop three traits as ideal in America what would it be? • Write a dialogue between a Roman and Greek Citizen each arguing that their form of government is better.

25. Art • Erechteum of the Acropolis in Athens built between 421-405 BC • Caryatids- stone maidens • Byzantine used it as church, later a Turkish commanders harem quarters

26. Parthenon and the Acropolis

28. Hermes with Child Dionysus Sculpture by Praxiteles Hermes god of Commerce, luck, travelers, roads and eloquence. Dionysus the God of Wine is being taken to the nymphs of Mt. Nysa

30. Art • Palace at Knossos

33. Extra Credit Film • Troy • World History Short: A) Regional Civilizations and a Sparta Girl