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chemistry

chemistry. 23.3. Carbonyl Compounds. Have you heard of benzaldehyde or vanillin? It is likely that you have eaten these organic molecules, called aldehydes, in ice cream or cookies. You will read about the properties that are associated with carbonyl compounds, such as aldehydes. 23.3.

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chemistry

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  1. chemistry

  2. 23.3 Carbonyl Compounds • Have you heard of benzaldehyde or vanillin? It is likely that you have eaten these organic molecules, called aldehydes, in ice cream or cookies. You will read about the properties that are associated with carbonyl compounds, such as aldehydes.

  3. 23.3 Aldehydes and Ketones • Aldehydes and Ketones • What is the structure of a carbonyl group found in aldehydes and ketones?

  4. 23.3 Aldehydes and Ketones • A carbonyl group is a functional group with the general structure C═O. • The C═O functional group is present in aldehydes and ketones.

  5. 23.3 Aldehydes and Ketones • An aldehyde is an organic compound in which the carbon of the carbonyl group is always joined to at least one hydrogen.

  6. 23.3 Aldehydes and Ketones • A ketone is an organic compound in which the carbon of the carbonyl group is joined to two other carbons.

  7. 23.3 Aldehydes and Ketones

  8. 23.3 Aldehydes and Ketones

  9. 23.3 Aldehydes and Ketones • Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones

  10. 23.3 Aldehydes and Ketones • Uses of Aldehydes and Ketones • Many aldehydes and ketones have distinctive odors. • Aromatic aldehydes are often used as flavoring agents. • Benzaldehyde is known as oil of bitter almond. • Cinnamaldehyde is the source of the odor of oil of cinnamon.

  11. 23.3 Aldehydes and Ketones • Vanillin, an aldehyde, comes from vanilla beans.

  12. 23.3 Aldehydes and Ketones • A solvent used to remove nail polish is acetone, a ketone.

  13. 23.3 Carboxylic Acids • Carboxylic Acids • What is the general formula for a carboxylic acid?

  14. 23.3 Carboxylic Acids • A carboxyl group consists of a carbonyl group attached to a hydroxyl group. • A carboxylic acid is a compound with a carboxyl group.

  15. 23.3 Carboxylic Acids • The general formula for a carboxylic acid is RCOOH. • Carboxylic acids are weak because they ionize slightly in solution to give a carboxylate ion and a hydrogen ion.

  16. 23.3 Carboxylic Acids • Carboxylic acids give a variety of foods—spoiled as well as fresh—a distinctive sour taste.

  17. 23.3 Carboxylic Acids • Low-molar-mass carboxylic acids are volatile liquids with sharp, unpleasant odors. • The higher-mass carboxylic acids are nonvolatile, waxy, odorless solids with low melting points.

  18. 23.3 Carboxylic Acids • Many continuous-chain carboxylic acids were first isolated from fats and are called fatty acids. • Stearic acid, an 18-carbon acid obtained from beef fat, is used to make inexpensive wax candles.

  19. 23.3 Carboxylic Acids

  20. 23.3 Esters • Esters • What is the general structure of an ester?

  21. 23.3 Esters • Esters contain a carbonyl group and an ether link to the carbonyl carbon. The general formula for an ester is RCOOR.

  22. 23.3 Esters • Esters are derivatives of carboxylic acids in which the —OH of the carboxyl group has been replaced by an —OR from an alcohol.

  23. 23.3 Esters • Esters may be prepared from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol.

  24. 23.3 Esters

  25. 23.3 Esters

  26. 23.3 Esters • Ethyl ethanoate is a low-molar-mass ester.

  27. 23.3 Esters • Esters impart the characteristic aromas and flavors of many flowers and fruits. Marigolds, raspberries, and bananas all contain esters.

  28. 23.3 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions • Oxidation-Reduction Reactions • Why is dehydrogenation an oxidation reaction?

  29. 23.3 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions • The loss of hydrogen is a dehydrogenation reaction. • Dehydrogenation is an oxidation reaction because the loss of each molecule of hydrogen involves the loss of two electrons from the organic molecule.

  30. 23.3 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

  31. 23.3 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

  32. 23.3 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

  33. 23.3 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions • Energy produced by oxidation reactions is used in both living and nonliving systems.

  34. 23.3 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

  35. 23.3 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

  36. 23.3 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

  37. 23.3 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions • An aldehyde is mixed with Fehling’s reagent (left test tube) and heated. The blue copper(II) ions in Fehling’s reagent are reduced to form Cu2O, a red precipitate (right test tube).

  38. 23.3 Section Quiz. • 23.3.

  39. 23.3 Section Quiz • 1. Which compound is a ketone? • CH3COOH • CH3CH2OH • CH3CHO • CH3COCH3

  40. 23.3 Section Quiz. • 2. The IUPAC name for the structure CH3CH2COOH is • ethanoic acid. • acetic acid. • propanoic acid. • propionic acid.

  41. 23.3 Section Quiz. • 3. The product of the reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid is called • a ketone. • an ether. • an ester. • an aldehyde.

  42. 23.3 Section Quiz. • 4. Choose the correct words for the spaces. Dehydrogenation is __________ reaction because losing a molecule of hydrogen involves the _______________ electrons from the organic molecule. • an oxidation, loss of two • an oxidation, loss of four • a reduction, gain of two • a reduction, gain of four

  43. END OF SHOW

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