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History of Modern Computers: from Mechanization to Stored Programs

Explore the fascinating history of modern computers, from the mechanization of arithmetic to the concept of stored programs. Learn about key figures such as Blaise Pascal, Gottfried von Liebniz, Charles Babbage, and Ada Augusta. Discover the evolution of computer generations and the potential of fifth-generation technologies.

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History of Modern Computers: from Mechanization to Stored Programs

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  1. CSCI 125 & 161 / ENGR 144Class 1 Martin van Bommel

  2. History of Computers Modern computer results from • Mechanization of arithmetic • Concept of stored programs

  3. Mechanization • Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) • 1642 - Pascal’s Adder • gears and wheels • could only add, calculate taxes for his father • Gottfried von Liebniz (1646-1716) - calculus • 1670’s - Liebniz calculator • add, subtract, multiply, divide • more reliable and accurate

  4. Stored Program • Joseph Marie Jacquard (1752-1834) • 1800 - Jacquard’s Loom • metal punch cards to position threads for the weaving process • Herman Hollerith (1860-1929) • 1890 US census • store and process census dataon punched cards

  5. Charles Babbage (1792-1871) • 1822-33 - Difference Engine • compute polynomials for math tables • 1830-71 - Analytic Engine • designed but never completed, ahead of its time • Mill - arithmetic computations • Store - store data and results • Operation cards - program instructions • Variable cards - select memory location for ops • Output - printer or punch cards

  6. Analytic Engine

  7. Ada Agusta • Daughter of Lord Byron • Wrote about analytical engine • Designed several programs for it • Known as the first programmer • 1970’s Dept. of Defence named its programming language Ada

  8. First Computers • 1939-42 - ABC - used binary • John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry (Iowa State) • small scale - 300 vacuum tubes • 1944 - Mark I - programmable • electromechanical computer • Howard Aiken (Harvard U.) • first real analytical engine • based on relays & a motor • Grace Hopper - debugging Mark II

  9. ENIAC - 1946 Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator • Best known as first fully electronic computer • John Mauchly & J.P. Eckert, U. of Pennsylvania • 18,000 vacuum tubes • 1,500 relays • 20 x 40 foot room • low reliability, lots of power, air conditioning

  10. von Neumann Architecture • 1947 - Mauchly, Eckert & von Neumann created EDVAC – Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (binary, stored program) • John von Neumann (Princeton) • wrote about stored program concept • both programs and data stored in same memory • basis of almost all modern computers • modern computers said to use von Neumann architecture

  11. Computer Generations • 1st Generation - before 1960 • vacuum tubes and relays ENIAC • 2nd Generation - 1958 - 65 • transistors IBM 7090 • 3rd Generation - 1964 - 80 • integrated circuits or chips IBM 360 • 4th Generation - after 1980 • microprocessors - large-scale integration • (link)

  12. Fifth-Generation? • Japanese Government had plans in 1980s • Build intelligent systems capable of intelligent thought and language recognition • Project ended in 1992 • What will fifth generation have? • Intelligence? Human behavior? • Parallel processing? Multiple cores? • Quantum computing? Nanotechnology?

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