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Edi Suhaimi BAKAR, 1 Mohd. Hamami SAHRI, 1 Zaidon ASHAARI, 1 and Fauzi FEBRIANTO 2

Oil Palm Trunks a New Alternative Material for Solid Wood Products. Edi Suhaimi BAKAR, 1 Mohd. Hamami SAHRI, 1 Zaidon ASHAARI, 1 and Fauzi FEBRIANTO 2. 1 Department of Forest Production Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

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Edi Suhaimi BAKAR, 1 Mohd. Hamami SAHRI, 1 Zaidon ASHAARI, 1 and Fauzi FEBRIANTO 2

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  1. Oil Palm Trunks a New Alternative Material for Solid Wood Products Edi Suhaimi BAKAR,1 Mohd. Hamami SAHRI,1 Zaidon ASHAARI,1 and Fauzi FEBRIANTO2 1 Department of Forest Production Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 2 Department of Forest Products Technology Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agric. University, PO. Box 168, Bogor, Indonesia

  2. Wood supply issues: Shortage of wood supply, especially for solid wood Production from forest no longer sufficient to meet the demands Finding the alternative material of wood has become a central issue Any alternative must be sought– include agricultural residues. Oil palm trunks (OPT) as strategic wood alternative material: Huge oil palm planted area By 2006: Malaysia = 4.2 million ha, Indonesia = 5.4 million ha Replanting at 25 years old: average annual rate 4% Producehuge amount residues (fronds, EFB, trunk) Trunk offer the best properties comparable to the wood About 250m3 OPT for each replanting hectare (most under utilized) Introduction

  3. Characteristics of matured oil palm trunks: Consist of two main structure: vascular bundles- thick walled cells → high density parenchyma tissues- thin walled cells → low density, more porous and starch Vascular bundles are scattered in parenchyma tissues as matrix, with a reduced concentration from the outer to the inner Great density gradient between trunk’s outer part (0.4 g/cm3) and center part (0.15 g/cm3). Only the trunk’s outer part can be used as solid wood (Bakar, 2000) Characteristics of oil palm wood (OPW): Very low in strength Bad in dimensional stability Very low in durability Poor in machining characteristic Need properties improvement Introduction

  4. To develop suitable sawing pattern for OPT To enhance the properties of OPW Objectives & Methods

  5. To develop suitable sawing pattern for OPT Being monocot (the best portions of wood at the outer part) the available sawing patterns can not be used for OPT Three sawing patterns are compared (two are modified patterns): Live sawing (LS) Polygon sawing (PS) Cobweb sawing (CS) Test materials: 12 logs from 4 oil palm trees of 25-year-old (L: 2.5 m, D: 43–55 cm) The logs ends were paint-coated in different color Measurements: Lumber Recovery: Outer-lumber, Middle-lumber, Center-lumber Sawing time: Effective time, Ineffective time, Total time Lumber width count  occurrence of each width criteria of the outer lumber Oil palm log (CS) (LS) (PS) Objectives & Methods

  6. To enhance the properties of OPW Material The outer lumbers OPW (0.33–0.4 g/cm3), dimension (40Tx100Rx100L) mm Mmw-PF of various concentrations Methods  Modified Compreg Drying: 15% Impregnation Concentration : 10, 15, 20 % Period : 1, 2, 3 hrs Compression : 120 psi Re-drying (microwave, 1kWh) → partially cured resin Period : 5, 7, 10, 15 min Power output : high Hot pressing Temperature : 150°C Pressing time : 30 min Pressing ratio : 50% (45%) Drying Impregnation Re-drying Hot-pres Densification MODIFIED COMPREG Objectives & Methods

  7. Sawing Study LS provided the highest RT but the lowest RO. Two-thirds of the results were the middle- and center-lumbers that were low in quality. CS produced the lowest RT (50%) but the highest RO (35%). Two-thirds of resulted lumbers were the outer-lumbers that were high in quality PS was in between, about half of resulted lumbers were the outer lumber CS is the most suitable sawing pattern in term of outer lumber recovery. Results & Discussion

  8. Sawing Study LS consumed the shortest time and CS pattern the longest in term of either the Tt or the Te. PS consumed about the same Te (6.7 min.) to the LS and the same Tt (46.0 min.) to the CS CS consumed as twice as longer Te (15.4 min.) than the LS and PS Both PS and CS patterns spent plenty of Ti (39 min.)  for cant adjustment. The LS is the most suitable sawing pattern in term of the sawing time. Results & Discussion

  9. Sawing Study LS and CS tend to produce narrow strips which is consider low in quality, while PS pattern tend to produce wider lumber which is high in quality: Board <10cm: LS (77%), CS (88%), PS (47%) Board >20cm: CS (0pc), LS (1pc), PS (3pcs) The PS was the most suitable sawing pattern in term of the outer lumber width Results & Discussion

  10. Sawing Study After considering all the parameters above, it can be concluded that the Polygon Sawing is the most suitable pattern for the sawing of OPT. (PATENT P.20001099) The Polygon Sawing can produce wide outer-lumbers which are high in quality, with recovery of 27%. Skilled operators and good carriage are needed to run the Polygon Sawing efficiently. Potential OPW production in Malaysia: = 4,2 millions x 4% x 250m3 x 27% = 11.34 million m3/year POLYGON SAWING Results & Discussion

  11. Properties Enhancement Study Being impregnated and densified, the density of OPW increased almost 3x from 0.37 g/cm3 to almost 1.00 g/cm3. The amount of PF resin penetrated, WPG, depend on PF concentration and impregnation period. These result suggested that 1-2 hrs impregnation was sufficient to impregnate the mmw-PF into OPW structure. This is a very short period compare to impregnation of softwood that need 24 hrs even with a lmw-PF resin as reported by Furuno [3]. Results & Discussion

  12. Properties Enhancement Study Anti swelling efficiency (ASE) that indicate dimensional stability achievement of treated OPW was 30% There was no significant influence in increasing the solution concentration and impregnation period to the ASE value These suggested that short impregnation (1 hr) with low concentration mmw-PF resin (10-15%) is good enough to enhance the dimensional stability of OPW Results & Discussion

  13. Properties Enhancement Study The mechanical properties of treated OPW were substantially improved Young’s Modulus at the compression parallel to the grain increased from 170 to 2600 MPa ………..(15x) Shear strength increased from 1.9 to 13 MPa ………… (7x) Results & Discussion

  14. Properties Enhancement Study Even the mmw-PF might not penetrate into vascular bundles, it could immediately penetrate into the parenchyma tissues. PF penetration to parenchyma tissues improve density/strength, durability and dimensional stability of whole OPW, and reduces density gradient between the vascular bundle and parenchyma tissues. Reduction in the density gradient resulted in better machining characteristic. The method can practically solve the four OPW flaws concurrently. UNTREATED OPW TREATED OPW Results & Discussion

  15. The outer-part of OPT provide the best quality wood (OPW) that can be used as solid wood after properly treated. Polygon sawing is the best suited pattern to saw OPT. Sawing recovery of 27% can be achieved. Potentially about 11 million m3 OPW timber can be resulted in Malaysia annually. This timbers have four flaws that need to cope with before utilization. Modified compreg method with mmw-PF can solve all OPW flaws concurrently. Treated OPW timbers can be used as a new alternative material for diminishing solid wood. Utilization of OPW (upon treatment) may reduce our dependency on wood from the forest, and at the same time could solve the facing problem in the plantation industry. Conclusions

  16. [1] Bakar, E.S., Y.S. Hadi. 2001. Indonesian J. For. Prod. & Techno. Vol. XIV (2): 24-31. [2] Ibach, R.E. 2005. Lumen Modifications, In Rowel, R.M. (Ed.), Handbook of Wood Chemistry and Wood Composites. Taylor & Francis. N.Y. [3] Furuno, T., Y. Imamura, H. Kajita. 2004. Wood Sci. Technol. 37: 349-361. [4] Bakar, E.S., P. Md. Tahir, and Mohd. H. Sahri. 2005. Internat. Sympo. on Wood Sci. and Techno. Yokohama, Nov. 27-30. [5] Rahaya, I.S. 2001. Basic Properties of Vascular Bundles and Parenchyma of Oil Palm Wood. Thesis at School of Graduate Study, Bogor Agric. Univ. (IPB), Indonesia. References

  17. Thankyou...

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