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Arab-Israeli Conflict

Arab-Israeli Conflict. The Battle Over 10,000 Square Miles. Seeds of Conflict. The problems in the Middle East today including the Arab/Israeli Conflict were established during and at the end of World War I.

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Arab-Israeli Conflict

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  1. Arab-Israeli Conflict The Battle Over 10,000 Square Miles

  2. Seeds of Conflict • The problems in the Middle East today including the Arab/Israeli Conflict were established during and at the end of World War I. • Imperialism left another legacy, Britain and France had drawn borders to serve their own interests • When mandates/regions gained independence, Arab states inherited these borders, which often led to disputes. • A Mandate is a territory administered by Western Powers

  3. Pre-WWI Middle East http://www.paracompusa.com/SmartScience/Popa/images/pre-wwI_arabia.gif

  4. Post WWI Middle East

  5. What’s the Difference?Break-up of the Ottoman Empire • Ottoman Empire was part of the Central Powers (the losers!) • Britain and France devise an agreement to split the Ottoman Empire • This agreement is called the Sykes Picot Agreement

  6. SYKES-PICOT AGREEMENT • 1915-1916 British, French and Russians (pulled out after the 1917 Communist Revolution) discuss how to split up the Middle East after WWI • Gave the French control of the Levant coastal region and the interior of Syria • British received what is now most of Iraq, Jordan and Palestine • Parts of Palestine and Jerusalem became an international city

  7. Sykes-Picot Agreement 1916 http://sextant.cnu.edu/Jenn_Goodgame/Goodgame_article_files/image015.jpg

  8. Husayn-McMahon Letters1915-1916 • Letters between Lord McMahon of Britain and Sherif of Mecca Ibn ali Husayn in charge of Muslim shrines /spiritual leader • Purpose to promote British strategy to get Arabs in Arabia (Saudi Arabia) to revolt against the Ottoman Empire. • Under the direction of Sherif Husayn-Arabs would revolt against Ottoman rule thereby diverting Ottoman military from the war • British promised to assist the revolt and promised “INDEPENDENCE FOR ARAB LANDS UNDER OTTOMAN RULE”

  9. Balfour Declaration 1917More British Promises • British promised support for the “establishment in Palestine of a national homeland for the Jewish People.” • The Palestine Mandate of 1922 referred to the Balfour Declaration and stated Great Britain was called upon to facilitate the establishment of a Jewish national home in Palestine.

  10. Foreign Office November 2nd, 1917 Dear Lord Rothschild, I have much pleasure in conveying to you. on behalf of His Majesty's Government, the following declaration of sympathy with Jewish Zionist aspirations which has been submitted to, and approved by, the Cabinet: His Majesty's Government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country. I should be grateful if you would bring this declaration to the knowledge of the Zionist Federation. Yours,Arthur James Balfour

  11. Speaking with Fork Tongue

  12. Mandate Period 1920-1947 • The period after WWI • Territories administered by a Western Powers- in the Middle East mainly France and Britain

  13. British Mandate over Palestine

  14. Jewish Claims to the Land • The Jewish people base their claim to the Land of Israel on at least four premises: • 1) the Jewish people settled and developed the land for 3700 years • 2) the international community granted political sovereignty in Palestine to the Jewish people; Both the League of Nations and the UN • 3) the territory was captured in defensive wars and • 4) God promised the land to Abraham

  15. Arab Claims to the Land of Palestine • Palestinian Arabs' claims to the land are based on continuous residence in the country for hundreds of years • They represented the demographic majority. • They reject the notion that a biblical-era kingdom constitutes the basis for a valid modern claim. • If Abraham's son Ishmael is the forefather of the Arabs, than God's promise of the land to the children of Abraham includes Arabs as well. • They do not believe that they should forfeit their land to compensate Jews for Europe's crimes against them. http://www.merip.org/palestine-israel_primer/intro-pal-isr-primer.html

  16. Nationalism • In the 19th Century there was an emergence of Nationalism • Zionism is Jewish nationalism, the belief in a Jewish homeland in the ancestral land of Israel. First Zionist Conference in Basel, Switzerland-Theodor Herzl 1897 • Arab nationalism emerges to fight for self-rule and against European colonialism

  17. Jewish/Arab Immigration to Palestine • After Zionist Conference Jewish immigration to Palestine begins to surge by 1914 there were approximately 100,000 Jews in Palestine • Palestinian Arab population also grew to 600,000 • Arabs resisted Jewish immigration

  18. Palestine Under British Mandate • 1920-May 1948 • Consistent and steady violence between the Jews and Arabs in Palestine, massacres, riots, terrorist attacks perpetrated by BOTH sides • Attacks also directed at British targets • Surge of Jewish immigration in the 1930’s as Jews attempt to flee Nazi Germany • Britain issues White Paper in 1939 which limits Jewish immigration into Palestine, appeases Arabs before WWII

  19. Palestine Post WWII • British cannot maintain its presence in Palestine • Palestine becomes more violent • United Nations Special Commission on Palestine Peel Commission recommends partitioning of Palestine • Arabs reject this idea, Jews accept

  20. UN Partition • UN Resolution 181-November 1947 United Nations General Assembly votes to partition Palestine • Arabs Reject this partition, Jews accept

  21. UN Partition Plan 1947 BBC. “Partition Plan.” 1/6/08. http://news.bbc.co.uk/olmedia/1680000/images/_1681322_israel_partition_no_ban300.gif

  22. Israeli Independence-1948 • May 1948 The British withdraw completely from Palestine and David Ben-Gurion, the new Israeli Prime Minister declares an independent nation • Arab armies from Jordan, Egypt, Syria and Lebanon launch an attack • First Arab Israeli War • Launches a flood of Palestinian refugees into neighboring Arab countries

  23. Refugees: How Many? • Depends which side is doing the counting • Arabs say between 800,000-1,000,000 • Israel and the UN say around 472-650,000 • Jews forced to leave Arab Lands about 300,000 Bard, Mitchell. “The Palestinian Refugees.” 4/17/09. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/refugees.html

  24. Israel Post 1949

  25. 1956 War-Suez War • Israel fought alongside Britain and France against Egypt because Nasser, Egypt’s leader nationalizes the Suez Canal • First time USA and USSR actually agree with each other in the UN Security Council • UN passes resolution calling for immediate withdrawal of all forces from Egypt

  26. 1967 Arab/Israeli War • Takes place June 5, 1967-June 10, 1967 • Egypt closes the Strait of Tiran to Israel • Israel launches a pre-emptive strike on Egypt • Syria and Jordan attack Israel • In 6 days Israel defeats all and conquers the West Bank from Jordan, the Golan Heights from Syria, and the Sinai Desert from Egypt

  27. Israel Post 1967 War Israel Pre 1967 War http://www.mfa.gov.il/NR/rdonlyres/663B7BA5-CC17-4DE5-9151-04E8B9258594/0/MFAG007e0.gif

  28. 1973 War- Yom Kippur/Ramadan War • October 1973 Egypt and Syria launch an attack against Israel • Caught the Israelis off guard War lasted 3 weeks

  29. 1982 War in Lebanon • By 1981 PLO (Palestinian Liberation Organization) had 18,000 members encamped in southern Lebanon • Launched commando raids into northern Israel • Israel moved into Lebanon to secure its northern border • This war turned into Israel’s Vietnam

  30. The First Intifada 1987 • Palestinians frustrated with the their plight launch an “intifada” or uprising in the occupied territories • Another Intifada starts in 2002

  31. Peace • 1979 Camp David Accords: Brokered by Jimmy Carter, Israel agrees to give back Sinai to Egypt in exchange for normalized relations • Key Players: Israeli PM Menachem Begin Egypt’s PM Anwar Sadat, US President Jimmy Carter

  32. More Peace Attempts • End of Cold War allows US and Russia to work together, put pressure on allies to make concessions • Madrid Conference takes place after First Iraqi War in October 1991- attempts to get the international community together to start a peace process

  33. Oslo Accords “Peace a Chance” • 1993 Oslo Accords: Israeli and Palestinians secretly meeting in Oslo • September 19, 1993 Yasser Arafat-chairman of the PLO, Israeli PM Yitzhak Rabin signed the Declaration of Principles on the White House Lawn • Divided the peace process into stages • 1994 Israel signs Peace Treaty with Jordan

  34. Other Attempts at Peace • Camp David Summit Summer 2000 • Road Map to Peace June 2002 • Geneva Accords 2003

  35. Major Obstacles to Peace • Refugees • Final status of Jerusalem • Final borders • Water rights http://www.theatlantic.com/unbound/sage/images/roadmap_peace.gif

  36. More Friction • Israel completely withdraws from Gaza • Hamas takes control 2005 • December 27, 2008 Israel launches operation Cast Lead to stop the rocket Hamas’ rocket attacks into southern Israel

  37. Works Cited • Allen, J. Michael. World History from 1500. Harper Collins: New York, 1993 • Andersen, Roy R. Politics and Change in the Middle East. Pearson: Upper Saddle River, 2004 • Hiro, Dilip. The Essential Middle East. Carroll & Graff Publishers: New York, 1996 • McKee, William J. World History, Connections to Today. Pearson: New York, 2005 • Ross, Dennis. The Missing Peace. Farrar, Straus & Giroux: New York, 2005

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