What is some of the chemistry that is important for understanding life? (8/31)

1. What is some of the chemistry that is important for understanding life? (8/31) • Key Topics: • What are “functional” groups? • What makes atoms molecules “polar” • What determines water “solubility”? • What are the “classes” of molecule found in the body? • What are the sub-classes of carbohydrate? • What are the sub-classes of lipid? • What are proteins and what links amino acids? • What are the functions of proteins?

2. SI Times and PlacesLearn more and do better in AP 211 • Times will also be posted on Wilson’s website: • The times were not available when the notes went online but they will be made available to you by this lecture! • Ask yourself…Have I Gone to Open Lab?

3. “Practice Quiz”: this is not worth points! 1) An MRI that pictured a body in anatomical position from head to heel and included both ears would have been made using what anatomical plane? A) Horizontal B) Oblique C) Parasagittal D) MidsagittalE) Frontal 2) If a bullet entered the body at the shoulder (left dorsal) and passed though to an exit point just above the pelvic brim (right ventral), what body cavities and fluids would it have passed through? (Name them in order) 3) Which organ system drains excess tissue fluids? Why is this system associated with the immune system? Skeletal Integumentary Respiratory Lymphatic Urinary Circulatory

4. Does this medical description make sense? Two CT images show a lethal intentionally self-inflicted handgun injury. Bullet path originated at an inferior temporal entry point, followed an oblique path that lead to an exit through the posterior aspect of the parietal bone. Sella Turica of sphenoid bone Anterior Anterior Entry EXIT Posterior Posterior

5. What is the “average” gal or guy in terms of weight and height? • Approximation: 2.2 pounds = 1 kilogram V.I.P: 1 kilogram = 1,000 grams H2O • Reference Woman: 22 yrs, 58 kg (128 lbs) • Reference Man: 22 yrs, 70 kg (154 lbs) • If a guy weights 308 lbs and the reference dose of a drug is 100mg/day, how much might they need? Is this always true?

6. Chemistry at your “leisure”: sorry for the cynicism on this topic. • Please review pages 53-69 carefully. While this is not a Chemistry class, we do need to use some chemistry to understand how drugs work and how the body uses different chemicals in health and disease. • A general familiarity with the terms used here will help you now and later in A and P as well as in Chemistry. • This set of notes is simply a review of the most important concepts found in CH2 • This set of note consists of the things you are most likely to see on the exam.

7. The ability to form hydrogen bonds is determined by the presence of electric charge on atoms/functional groups that can interact with the partial charges present on H2O. If an atom or molecule can form hydrogen bonds to water it will tend be water soluble!If a molecule cannot H-bond the molecule will not dissolve in water. What are hydrogen bonds and how do they reflect potential for water solubility?

8. Any molecule’s biological activity is determined by the unique presence or absence of functional groups.

9. The character of a functional group determines many things including the molecule’s potential water or fat solubility. • What is charge of the functional groups? • Charge: number electrons/protons unequal (ion) • Partial Charge: electrons shared unequally • What does it mean to be neutral or uncharged? • What is a sphere of hydration? Na(+1) 11 protons (23 a.mass) charge distribution tight vs. K(+1) 19 protons (39 a.mass)charge widely distributed • What are hydrogen bonds? • Solvency Terms: Which groups in (1) and (2) have partial charge and water solubility? Which are hydrophobic, hydrophylic, lipophylic, or amphipathic?

10. Why are lipids hydrophobic? Why does oil form a droplet when in contact with water? What waterproofs your skin?

11. Lipid solubility affects how gas anesthetics (i.e. Isoflurane) are handled by the body and the blood.Blood is mostly water, so drugs with low water solubility tend to not dissolve into the blood very well. Gas anesthetics tend to dissolve into lipids (fat) very well.Are the molecules below polar or non-polar?

12. Consider: Non-polar molecules accumulate in lipids (adipose tissue), polar molecules accumulate in water (blood). Why is this important during surgery for patient/nurse anesthesiologist? Consider surgery on obese/anorexic persons: • Blood is mostly water, so drugs with low water solubility tend to not dissolve into the blood very well. How do they get to cells? • Materials with low water solubility tend to dissolve into fats (lipids) quickly, so where do you expect the anesthetic to accumulate in the body? • If gas anesthesia (isoflurane) is lipophyllic, who needs more anesthesia to have enough to create the anesthetic effect: 1) an obese person? or 2) an anorexic person? • Who takes more time to return to consciousness after surgery (how much gas must be removed to get it out of the body?): 1) an obese person or 2) an anorexic person?

13. Lipids, Proteins and Carbohydrates are the 3 primary categories of organic compound that are found in the human body. These classes differ with respect to structure, function, water solubility, and energy content. • Recognize the characteristics of each type Functional Groups--Water solubility—Energy Content 1) Carbohydrates: 2) Lipids: 3) Proteins: • Nucleotides: are mix of a carbohydrates with phosphates and a nitrogenous base (Monday) • Could you recognize the characteristics of each on a test?

14. Carbohydrates have a carbon backbone with carboxyl at the end. Each carbon in the chain has a hydrogen and a hydroxyl group. These characteristics give carbohydrates excellent water solubility. • Why are carbohydrates are the best choice for energy in the body? • WHY?  Energy Yield + Transport + Storage + Access in Diet • Common Monosaccharides- • Common Disaccharides- • Common Polysaccharides- • Pathologies: Why does the chemistry of lactose intolerance create gastrointestinal discomfort?

15. What do carbohydrates look like? Nomenclature: Does it have one, two, or many sugar units? Mono-, Di-, or Poly-

16. Lipid Classes: free fatty acids (saturated vs. unsaturated), triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, and eicosanoids. • Consider : structure, solubility and use • Key: most have poor water solubility because there is little to H-bond to water! • 1) Saturated Free Fatty Acid: • 2) Unsaturated Free Fatty Acid: • 3) Triglyceride=3FA+1glycerol Why do triglycerides form a droplet when exposed to water? • 4) Phospholipid: Why is it amphipathic? • 5) Steroid/Cholesterol backbone: Plant vs. Animal origin? • 6) Eicosanoids: Used in inflammation. • These are essential to your diet!

17. If you add a phosphate group (polar) to the end of any single fatty acid it becomes a phospholipid. If you attach three free fatty acids to glycerol you have created a triglyceride.

18. Cholesterol is a structural part of many important molecules in the body, and especially important as the backbone for many hormones.

19. Eicosanoids are special polyunsaturated fatty acids that can become chemical signals that promote inflammation or a fever in the body. Cortisone Blocks This Step Aspirin and Ibuprofen block this step

20. What biological activities do proteins facilitate in the body? • Name a protein associated the functions below: • Structural support- • Communication/hormones- • Body transport- • Cellular/membrane transport- • Immune defense- • Cell adhesion- • Reaction catalysis- • Protein Denaturation: why is protein structure strongly effected by temperature, cofactors, and pH?

21. Peptide Bonds link amino acids into chains! Can you draw a peptide bond? Number of amino acids: Dipeptide Tripeptide Octapeptide Very large chains Polypeptide Disulfide Bonds What are essential amino acids? Proteins consist of long chains consisting of a combination of different amino acids (20 different amino acids) with specific structure and H2O solubility

22. Don’t memorize the names/ structures, just appreciate that each amino acid has a unique set of functional groups that make it unique.

23. How does the Key-Lock theory describe how an enzyme wraps around a substrate molecule? How do the functional groups of the amino acids make this possible? What are enzyme cofactors? Classics:Ca++and Fe++ Special Enzyme Tricks: Activation energy- Speed of reaction- Substrate Specificity- Temp and pH- Reaction product feedback- Enzymes make it easier for chemical reactions to move forward to products. How do they do this?

24. How do enzymes help speed up the rate of chemical reactions? Enzymes lower the activation energy needed to start up a chemical reaction!

25. Enzymes only become/stay active within a specific pH or temperature! Enzymes have a specific environment where they are optimally active. Each enzyme has unique optimal conditions that are required for maximal activity.