China Perantauan di Asia Tenggara Pertemuan 10

1. China Perantauan di Asia TenggaraPertemuan 10 Matakuliah : E1052/Penelitian China Perantauan Tahun : 2007/2008

3. The entire Southeast Asian Chinese diaspora is characterized by their considerable economic fortunes and their susceptibility to discrimination or political exploitation by politicians. This diaspora is commonly referred to as the Nanyang Chinese, 'Nanyang' (南洋) being the Mandarin term for Southeast Asia.

4. Thai Chinese(泰國華人 ) • The Thai Chinese are an overseas Chinese community who live in Thailand. At present they constitute an estimated 14% of the population, though due to intermarriage with ethnic Thais there can be no precise figure. • The majority of the Thai Chinese trace their ancestry to the Chaozhou prefecture in northern Guangdong. • Thus they speak the Minnan Chaozhou dialect. A minority trace their ancestry to Hakka and Hainanese immigrants. • As of 1987, there were approximately six million Thais of Chinese descent. • They are found at all levels of Thai society and play a leading role in business and politics. Even the revered monarch, His Majesty King Bhumipol Adulyadej, is of part-Chinese ancestry on his mother's side.

5. History • Chinese traders in Thailand, mostly from Fujian and Guangdong, began arriving in Ayutthaya by at least the thirteenth century. • Ayutthaya fell to the Burmese in 1767. The Chinese efforts diverted the attention of Burma's Siam army, and the Thai Chinese General Taksin, took advantage of the situation by organizing his force and attacking them. Taksin actively encouraged Chinese immigration and trade. Settlers came principally from Chaozhou prefecture in large numbers. • The Chinese population in Thailand jumped from 230,000 in 1825 to 792,000 by 1910. By 1932, approximately 12.2% of the population of Thailand was Chinese. • The corruption of the Qing dynasty and the massive population increase in China, along with very high taxes, caused many men to leave China for Thailand in search of work. • In the late 1800's, when Thailand was busy defending its independence from the colonial powers, Chinese bandits from Yunnan Province began raids into the country in the Haw wars (Thai: ปราบกบฏฮ่อ). Thai nationalist attitudes at all levels were accordingly colored by anti-Chinese sentiment. Members of the Chinese community had long dominated domestic commerce and had served as agents for the royal trade monopolies. Chinese millers and rice traders were blamed for an economic recession that gripped Siam for nearly a decade after 1905. Accusations of bribery of officials, wars between the Chinese secret societies, and use of violent tactics to collect taxes served to turn foster Thai resentment against the Chinese at a time when the community was expanding rapidly due to immigration.

6. By 1910, nearly 10 percent of Thailand's population was Chinese. Moreover, the new arrivals frequently came in families and resisted assimilation. The Chinese community even supported a separate school system for its children. • Legislation by King Rama VI (1910-1925) that required the adoption of Thai surnames was largely directed at easing tensions with Chinese community by encouraging assimilation. Thai Chinese had to choose between forsaking their Chinese identity or being regarded as foreigners. Most opted to become Thai • The Chinese in Thailand also suffered discrimination in the 1930s under the military dictatorship of Prime Minister Plaek Pibulsonggram. State corporations took over commodities such as rice, tobacco and petroleum, and Chinese businesses found themselves subject to a range of new taxes and controls. • Nevertheless, the Chinese were still encouraged to become Thai citizens, and by 1970 it was estimated that more than 90 percent of the Chinese born in Thailand had done so. When diplomatic relations were established with China in the 1970s, resident Chinese not born in Thailand were offered the chance of becoming Thai citizens. The remaining permanent resident Chinese alien population was then estimated at less than 200,000.

7. Language • The Thai language has largely supplanted Chinese amongst Thai Chinese, although Teochew is sometimes used as a commercial lingua franca, principally in Bangkok. • However, the wide usage and revival of Mandarin Chinese is gradually making it the second language of the younger Thai Chinese for business purposes, as well as a tool to identify with their heritage. Surnames • A Thai Chinese can often be recognized by having a surname containing the original Chinese name or its translation. In former prime minister Banharn Silpa-Archa‘s name, Archa (horse) is the translation of the Chinese surname Ma (馬). • Another example is Sondhi Limthongkul, where Lim is the Hainanese dialect of the Chinese surname Lin. • Many Thai Chinese adopted long surnames to mimic the royal names formerly given to high officials by the kings. Ethnic Thais tend to have shorter surnames, though many have now changed them to longer ones. Thai Chinese generally adopted • Thai surnames to avoid persecution by assimilating into society. When choosing a surname, they would often combine auspicious Thai words with their original Chinese surname.

8. Dialect groups • The vast majority of the Thai Chinese belong to various southern Chinese dialect groups. • Of these, 56% are Teochew, 16% Hakka and 11% Hainanese. The Cantonese and Hokkien each constitute 7% of the Chinese population, and 3% belong to other Chinese dialect groups. • The Teochew Chinese mainly settled around Chao Phraya River in Bangkok. Many of them worked in government sectors, while others were involved in trade. During the reign of King Taksin, some influential Teochew traders were granted enjoyed certain privileges. These traders were called "Royal Chinese" (Jin-luang in Thai). • The Hakka Chinese are mostly in Songkhla and Phuket. The Hakka own many private banks in Thailand, including both the Bangkok Bank and Kasikorn. • A significant number of Thai Chinese are descendants of the offsprings of Chinese immigrants and Thais, while there are also groups who are of pure Chinese orgin. Groups of pure Chinese orgin mostly are descendants of immigrants who relocated to Thailand as well as other parts of Nanyang (the Chinese term used at the time for calling Southeast Asia) in the early to mid 20th century due to famine and civil war in the southern Chinese provinces of Guangdong (Teochew, Cantonese, Hainan groups) and Fujian (Hokkien). • In the southern Thai provinces, especially those bordering Malaysia, the assimilated group is known as Peranakans. These people share a common culture and identity with the Peranakan Chinese in neighboring Indonesia, Singapore and Malaysia. • Substantial numbers of Chinese people of (mainly) Yunnanese descent can be found in villages around Chiang Rai Province. These are descendants of Kuomintang soldiers who fought against the Chinese Communist soldiers in the 1940s, before fleeing to the northern regions and settling among the local people.

9. Malaysian Chinese马来西亚唐人 - Orang Cina Malaysia Malaysia Population Global Oberseas Chimese Population Malaysian Chinese, Peranakan 7.0 million (2006)24.5% (population) 12.1% Most Chinese immigrants of Malaya came from southern China, mostly from the province of Fujian and Guangdong. In the nineteenth century, many came as indentured labourers, known as coolies (Chinese: 苦力). Others came freely to work, and were supported by Clan Associations. By 1911, the Chinese population in Malaya had reached 269,854, and around a million circa 1949.

10. Dialect groups • The ethnic Chinese in Malaysia belongs to several Chinese dialect groups. There are four major dialect groups: Hokkien, Hakka, Cantonese and Teochew. Other dialects include Hainanese, Hokchiu and Hinghwa. Hokkien, Teochew, Hainanese are also known as Min Nan language. It is evident that people belonging to certain dialect groups are populated in different parts of communities in Malaysia. DialectPopulation • Hokkien speakers 2,020,868 • Hakka speakers 1,092,754 • Cantonese speakers 1,067,994 • Teochew peakers 497,280 • Hokchiu speakers 251,554 • Hainanese speakers 141,045 • Kwongsai speakers 51,674 • Others (including Hunanese and Hinghwa speakers) 243,046

11. Education • There are several types of schools available for Malaysians to choose from to be educated from primary levels up to tertiary levels. There are known to be three types of schools with their language of instructions where education is delivered: Malay, Mandarin (Chinese), and Tamil. • The Chinese Malaysian communities, therefore, usually have a choice to send their children to either Chinese schools or Malay schools. Whichever schools they went to, the Malay language must be taught as a compulsory subject, if the language of instruction is not already in Malay. • A large segment of the Chinese population living in Malaysia is predominantly Chinese-speaking, they are commonly known as the "Chinese-educated". Malaysia is also the only country outside mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, to have a completely Chinese-medium education system. • A sizeable group of Malaysian Chinese speak English as a first language (something carried over from the British colonial days). Most of these "English-educated" Chinese are unable to read and write in Chinese. Religion • A majority of the Chinese in Malaysia claim to be Buddhist or Taoist, though the lines between them are often blurred and, typically, a syncretic Chinese religion incorporating elements of Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism and traditional ancestor-worship is practised, with the fact that each individual follows it in varying degrees. • About 9.6% are Christian (Mainstream Protestants, Catholics and other denominations including a fast-growing number of Evangelicals and Charismatics) and a small number (0.7%) profess Islam as their faith. There is quite a significant number of Christians among the Chinese population in East Malaysia.

12. Culture differences • There exist some degrees of differences in the Malaysian Chinese culture compared to that of China. Some traditional festivals celebrated by the Chinese community in Malaysia are no longer celebrated in China after the Chinese Cultural Revolution. This is especially true of regional rites and rituals that are still celebrated by the Malaysian descendants of the peasant migrants from China. Some have attributed the traditional practices of Malaysian Chinese to "a little backwater of Chinese culture as it was in China 80 years ago" . • There are also significant differences in the way the Chinese language is spoken among the Chinese community in Malaysia. One notable example is how the Minnan or Hokkien dialect is spoken in Penang and even in parts of Indonesia like Medan. The variant spoken is influenced by Malay and English vocabulary and forms and is commonly referred to as Penang Hokkien. 1971 National Culture Policy • Malaysian Chinese Culture is intimately linked to the "1971 National Culture Policy" of Malaysia. It defines 3 principles as guidelines for 'national culture': • The National Culture must be based on the indigenous [Malay] culture • Suitable elements from the other cultures may be accepted as part of the national culture • Islam is an important component in the moulding of the National Culture.

13. Chinese in Singapore • Chinatown was an enclave for the early Chinese immigrants in Singapore in the 19th and early 20th centuries. • The Chinese in Singapore are people of Chinese descent who are born in or immigrated to Singapore and have attained citizenship or permanent residence status. • As of 2000, Chinese Singaporeans constitute 78% of Singapore's population, or three out of four Singaporeans. • Chinese in Singapore today commonly recognize themselves as Singaporeans rather than Chinese. • Many Chinese have married Peranakans, who are Chinese who have married ethnic Malays and have adopted a mix of Chinese and Malay culture, and increasing numbers are marrying outside their ethnic group.

14. Dialect Groups • The Chinese in Singapore are Han Chinese with the exception of the Peranakans. The Peranakans are classified as a separate ethnic group whose ancestry is not directly traceable to China. The Chinese forms 76.8% of the population in Singapore. • They belong to several linguistic-cultural dialect groups, originating from mainly the southern parts of China. The Hokkien, Teochew and Hainanese, all of whom belong to the Min-nan group, jointly form more than three-quarters of the Chinese population. The Cantonese and Hakka account for most of the remainder. • Among Chinese Singaporean population : The Hokkiens 41%, The Teochew ( Teochiu) 21%, The Cantonese 15% , The Hakkas 8%, Hainanese and Northern Min 5%, Mandarin speakers from Beijing and other northern provinces, and Wu speakers from Shanghai, Jiangsu and Zhejiang, constitute only 2% of the Chinese Singaporean population. • Government policies targeted at narrowing dialect-culture and eradicating the subunit orientation differences within the Chinese community, was spearheaded by the Speak Mandarin campaign together with the banning of dialect-medium subjects in schools and the media, have resulted in an entire generation of young Singaporeans distanced from their respective mother tongues and therefore their respective culture and heritage.

15. Religion • According the 2000 census, 42.5% of Singapore's population declare themselves to be Buddhist 8.5%, Taoist 4.6% Christian 14.8%. non-religious 13% The Chinese form the vast majority in these four groups, due in part to their dominance in Singapore. • The majority of the Chinese in Singapore register themselves as Buddhist, and a smaller number claimed to be Taoist. • Many Chinese have retained the belief of so called Chinese folk traditions or folk Taoism, an age-old Chinese tradition. • Taoism was once the dominant belief system, but younger generations have either switched to Buddhism, Christianity or have become non-religious. • Another 13% of the Chinese Singaporean are non-religious adherents and they call themselves "free thinkers". In Singapore, this term simply means that the person does not adhere to any single religion. However, most perpetuate the Chinese traditions and practices. • A small minority of the Singapore Chinese follow either Islam or Hinduism. Most are converts who have married Malay Muslims or Indian Hindus. Some may be raised by Malays or Indians whilst some are simply a matter of personal choice.

16. Peranakan (Ethnic Group) • The Peranakan, also known as Baba-Nonya are early Chinese immigrants from Malacca, of which many of them later migrated to Singapore. As they contain mix blood of the Chinese and the Malays, the Peranakans are classified as a separate ethnic group from the Han Chinese in Singapore. The men are known as Baba while the women are known as Bibiks or Nonyas. Peranakans in Singapore were once concentrated in the Geylang and Katong areas. • This is because the Peranakans were often intermediaries for businesses and social groups during colonial Singapore owing to their ability to speak English, Malay and Hokkien. • However, they have since dispersed off to other parts of Singapore after 1965. Peranakans in Singapore generally belong to the Hokkien and Teochew dialect groups and spoke Baba Malay and Chinese dialects as mother tongues. Many of them converted to Roman Catholicism during the 18th-century Portuguese colonisation into South-East Asia. Missionaries set up posts in Batavia (Indonesia), Malaya (Malaysia) of which Malacca, Kuala Lumpur and Singapore were parts of before the 1965 independent and separation movement of Singapore city from its Malayan hinterland. • The Peranakans were a transcultural mix of races that blended colonial English style with indigenous Malay languages with Hokkien Chinese customs.

17. History • There are records of the Chinese presence in Singapore as early as the 14th-century. Imperial Chinese sources state that there was a significant amount of Chinese inhabitants in the region. According to the Chinese explorer Wang Dayuan, the Chinese inhabitants of Singapore were dressed in local traditional costume and were largely intermarried with the local South-East Asian women, following an amalgam of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Taoism. These were the earliest Peranakans of Singapore. • After Singapore became the capital of the BritishStraits Settlements in 1832, the free trade policy attracted many Chinese from mainland China to trade, and many settled down in Singapore. The large influx of Chinese to Singapore led to the establishment of a large number of Chinese associations, schools, and temples in Singapore and within a century, the Chinese immigrants exceeded the population of the Malays. During this period, Christianmissionaries from Europe began to evangelize the Asians, especially the Chinese. By 1849, the Chinese formed half of Singapore's population. Racial Tensions • Race riots were common during the early post-war period, predominantly the period between self-governance and independence in 1965. One major riot took place during Prophet Muhammad's birthday celebrations, on 21 July1964. There were records of high casualties (23 killed and 454 injured). There were claims that the riot was politically motivated to oust then Prime Minister (Lee Kuan Yew) and his cabinet, to prevent the ideology of a Malaysian Malaysia to spread north towards Peninsular Malaysia.

18. Chinese Filipino(华菲 Huáfēi ) • Total population 9.8 million (11.5% of the Philippine population)  • Regions with significant populationsPhilippines(Metro Cebu, Metro Manila, Angeles, Bacolod, Davao, Iligan, Iloilo, Lucena, Tarlac, Vigan, Zamboanga)  United Stateselsewhere • Languages Lan-nang, Hokkien, Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocano, Hiligaynon, Standard Mandarin, Standard Cantonese, Filipino, English,other Chinese languages,other Philippine languages • Religions: Roman Catholicism, Protestantism, Buddhism, Chinese folk religion, Confucianism, Taoism • Related ethnic groups : Han Chinese

19. HISTORY • Presence of peoples from the Chinese mainland in the Philippines have been evident since during the Ice Age, when a land bridge enabled many people from southern China to settle in the Philippines. But they are not to be confused for the later Sinitic-speaking peoples (ethnic Chinese) who came long after the land bridge subsided. These ethnic Chinese sailed down and frequently interacted with the local natives, and this is evidenced by a collection of priceless Chinese artifacts found in the Philippines, dating back right up to the 10th century. Prehistoric evidences attest to the fact that many datus and rajahs (native rulers) in the Philippines were of mixed Filipino and Chinese ancestry. They formed the group which is to be called principalia during the Spanish period, and are given privileges by the Spanish colonial government. • The arrival of the Spaniards to the Philippines attracted many male Chinese traders from China, and maritime trade flourished during the Spanish occupation. The Spanish era restricted the activities of the Chinese. With low chances of employment and prohibited from owning land, most of them engage in trading and other businesses. Many of the Chinese who arrived during the Spanish period were Cantonese, who worked as stevedores and porters, but there were also Fujianese, who entered retail trade. Most of the Chinese who came to the Philippines intermarried with Filipinos or Spaniards. The children of unions between Filipinos and Chinese are called Chinese mestizos, while those between Spaniards and Chinese are called Tornatras and are classified as Spanish mestizos, together with the Spanish-Filipinos.

20. assimilation is gradually taking place in the Philippines but integration without losing Chinese culture is advantageous for the Philippines and for the Chinese Filipino ethnic group. • The Chinese in the Philippines cannot be simplistically classified. But generally, some observers claim they can be classified into three types, based on when their ancestors first migrated. • Most of the Chinese mestizos, especially the landed gentry trace their ancestry to the Spanish era. They are the "First Chinese," whose descendants nowadays are mostly either the Chinese mestizos or have integrated into the local population. • The largest group of Chinese Filipinos in the Philippines are the "Second Chinese," who are descendants of migrants in the first half of the 20th century, between the Manchu revolution in China and the Chinese Civil War. This group accounts for most of the "full-blooded" Chinese. • The "Third Chinese" are the recent immigrants from mainland China, after the Chinese economic reform of the 1980s. Generally, the "Third Chinese" are the most entrepreneurial and had not totally lost their Chinese cultural heritage in its purest form and therefore are paradoxically misunderstood or feared by the "Second Chinese" and "First Chinese," most of whom have lost their entrepreneurial drive and have adopted much of the laid-back Spanish cultural values of Philippine society.

21. Ethnic GroupsMestizos • Chinese mestizos are those in the Philippines of mixed Chinese and either Filipino or Spanish (or both) ancestry. They make up about 11.5% of the country's total population (those who are pure Chinese make up 2% of the population) The Chinese Filipinos have always been one of the largest Filipino ethnic groups, making up about 11.5% (9.8 million) of the country's total population. • The rate of intermarriage between Filipinos and Chinese is among the highest in Southeast Asia, exceeded only by Thailand. • However, intermarriages happened mostly in the Spanish colonial eras because Chinese immigrants to the Philippines up to the 19th century were predominantly male. It was only in the 20th century that Chinese women and children came in comparable numbers. • These Chinese mestizos, products of intermarriages in the Spanish colonial era, then often opted to marry other Chinese mestizos (as was the case with the ancestors of national hero Dr. Jose Rizal). • Some studies have shown that at least 40% of the Filipino population has some Chinese ancestry - mostly comprising the Filipino social and political elite, and that 50% of Filipino genes are of Chinese origin. • Generally, the term Chinese mestizo is reserved for those who have more recent Chinese ancestry; those who still retain, in full or in part, the surnames of their Chinese ancestors; or those who have "Chinese eyes" or fairer complexion compared to the general populace which can be attributed to their Chinese ancestry. By this definition, the Chinese Filipinos, along with the Chinese mestizos, number about 9.8 million.

22. Language • As many as 98.5% of the Chinese in the Philippines trace their ancestry to the southern part of Fujian province. The Lan-nang variant of Min Nan, also locally known as Fukien or Lán-lâng-oē (咱人話; "our people's language"), is the lingua franca of the Chinese-Filipino community. • Most of the other 10% are descendants of migrants from Guangdong, Hong Kong, or Taiwan. The other Chinese dialects that can be heard in the Chinese-Filipino communities are Mandarin Chinese (which is taught in Chinese schools in the Philippines and spoken in varying degrees of fluency by Chinese Filipinos), Taiwanese (which is mutually intelligible with the Chuanchew and Amoy dialects), and Cantonese. • The vast majority of the Chinese in the Philippines, however, are fluent in English as well as Tagalog, and for those residing outside of Metro Manila, the local language of the region, like Ilokano, Cebuano (Cebu, Davao, Iligan, and Zamboanga), and Chabacano. • Mandarin Chinese used to be the medium of instruction in Chinese schools prior to the Filipinization policy of Former President Ferdinand Marcos. Partly as a result of Marcos' measures, Tagalog and English are gradually supplanting Chinese (Minnan and Mandarin) as the preferred medium of communication among the younger generation.

23. CULTURAL • As with other Southeast Asian nations, the Chinese community in the Philippines has become a repository of traditional Chinese culture. Whereas in Mainland China many cultural traditions and customs have been suppressed by the Cultural Revolution or simply regarded as old-fashioned and obsolete, these traditions have remained largely untouched in the Philippines. • Many new cultural twists have evolved within the Chinese community in the Philippines, distinguishing it from other overseas Chinese communities in Southeast Asia. These cultural variations are highly evident during festivals such as Chinese New Year, Chap Goh Mei (pronounced as Tzap), and Ching Ming Festival. • The Chinese Filipinos have developed unique funerary and wedding customs as well.

24. Religion • The Chinese Filipinos are unique in Southeast Asia in being overwhelmingly Christian. • However, many of Chinese-Filipino Catholics still tend to practice the traditional Chinese religions side by side with Catholicism, although a small number of people practising solely traditional Chinese religions do exist as well. Mahayana Buddhism, Taoism and ancestor worship (including Confucianism) are the traditional Chinese beliefs that continue to have adherents among the Chinese Filipinos. Some may even have Jesus Christ as well as Buddha statues or Taoist gods in their altars. It is not unheard of to venerate the blessed Virgin Mary using joss sticks and Buddhist offerings, much as one would have done for Mazu.

25. Surnames • Most of the Chinese Filipinos today have Chinese surnames, the most common of which are Tan (陳), Ong (王), Lim (林), Go/Ngo (吳), Ng/Uy (黃), Chua (蔡), and Lee/Dy（李), though there are also some who have inherited or chosen Filipino or Spanish surnames, like Gatchalian, Chavez, and Ramos, among such others. • Chinese Filipinos as well as Chinese mestizos who trace their roots back to Chinese immigrants to the Philippines during the Spanish colonization usually have Chinese-sounding surnames that have Hispanicized spellings, such as Lacson, Biazon, Tuazon, Ongpin, Yuchengco, Quebengco, Cojuangco, Yupangco, and Tanbengco, among such others. Many Chinese mestizos (as well as Spanish-Chinese and Tornatras) have also either inherited or took on Spanish or Filipino surnames, like Bautista, Madrigal, or Santos.