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Principles of Information Systems Eighth Edition

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Principles of Information Systems Eighth Edition

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    1. Principles of Information Systems Eighth Edition Chapter 5 Organizing Data and Information

    2. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 2 Database

    3. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 3 Principles and Learning Objectives Data management and modeling are key aspects of organizing data and information Define general data management concepts and terms, highlighting the advantages of the database approach to data management Describe the relational database model and outline its basic features

    4. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 4 Principles and Learning Objectives (continued) A well-designed and well-managed database is an extremely valuable tool in supporting decision making Identify the common functions performed by all database management systems and identify popular user database management systems

    5. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 5 Principles and Learning Objectives (continued) The number and types of database applications will continue to evolve and yield real business benefits Identify and briefly discuss current database applications

    6. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 6 Why Learn About Database Systems? Database systems process and organize large amounts of data Examples: Marketing manager can access customer data Corporate lawyer can access past cases and opinions

    7. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 7 Introduction Database: an organized collection of data Database management system (DBMS): group of programs to manage database Manipulates database Provides an interface between database and the user of the database and other application programs Database administrator (DBA): skilled IS professional who directs all activities related to an organization’s database

    8. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 8 Data Management Without data and the ability to process it, an organization could not successfully complete most business activities Data consists of raw facts To transform data into useful information, it must first be organized in a meaningful way

    9. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 9 The Hierarchy of Data Bit (a binary digit): represents a circuit that is either on or off Byte: typically made up of eight bits Character: a byte represents a character; the basic building block of information Can be an uppercase letter, lowercase letter, numeric digit, or special symbol Field: typically a name, number, or combination of characters that describes an aspect of a business object or activity

    10. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 10 The Hierarchy of Data (continued) Record: collection of related data fields File: collection of related records Database: collection of integrated and related files Hierarchy of data Bits, characters, fields, records, files, and databases

    11. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 11 The Hierarchy of Data (continued)

    12. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 12 Data Entities, Attributes, and Keys Entity: generalized class of people, places, or things (objects) for which data is collected, stored, and maintained Attribute: characteristic of an entity Data item: specific value of an attribute Key: field or set of fields in a record that is used to identify the record Primary key: field or set of fields that uniquely identifies the record

    13. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 13 Data Entities, Attributes, and Keys (continued)

    14. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 14 The Database Approach Traditional approach to data management: separate data files are created and stored for each application program Database approach to data management: a pool of related data is shared by multiple application programs Offers significant advantages over the traditional file-based approach

    15. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 15 The Database Approach (continued)

    16. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 16 The Database Approach (continued)

    17. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 17 The Database Approach (continued)

    18. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 18 The Database Approach (continued)

    19. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 19 Data Modeling and the Relational Database Model When building a database, an organization must consider: Content: What data should be collected and at what cost? Access: What data should be provided to which users and when? Logical structure: How should data be arranged so that it makes sense to a given user? Physical organization: Where should data be physically located?

    20. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 20 Data Modeling Building a database requires two types of designs Logical design: abstract model of how the data should be structured and arranged to meet an organization’s information needs Physical design: starts from the logical database design and fine-tunes it for performance and cost considerations

    21. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 21 Data Modeling (continued) Data model: diagram of data entities and their relationships Entity-relationship (ER) diagrams: data models that use basic graphical symbols to show the organization of and relationships between data

    22. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 22 Data Modeling (continued)

    23. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 23 The Relational Database Model Relational model: describes data in which all data elements are placed in two-dimensional tables, called relations, that are the logical equivalent of files Each row of a table represents a data entity Columns of the table represent attributes Domain: allowable values for data attributes

    24. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 24 The Relational Database Model (continued)

    25. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 25 The Relational Database Model (continued) Selecting: eliminates rows according to certain criteria Projecting: eliminates columns in a table Joining: combines two or more tables Linking: manipulating two or more tables that share at least one common data attribute to provide useful information and reports

    26. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 26 The Relational Database Model (continued)

    27. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 27 The Relational Database Model (continued)

    28. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 28 The Relational Database Model (continued) Data cleanup: process of looking for and fixing inconsistencies to ensure that data is accurate and complete Eliminate redundancies and anomalies

    29. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 29 The Relational Database Model (continued)

    30. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 30 The Relational Database Model (continued)

    31. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 31 Database Management Systems (DBMSs) Creating and implementing the right database system ensures that the database will support both business activities and goals DBMS: a group of programs used as an interface between a database and application programs or a database and the user

    32. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 32 Overview of Database Types Flat file Simple database program whose records have no relationship to one another Single user Only one person can use the database at a time Examples: Access, FileMaker, and InfoPath Multiple user Allows dozens or hundreds of people to access the same database system at the same time Examples: Oracle, Sybase, and IBM

    33. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 33 Providing a User View Schema: description of the entire database Typically used by large database systems to define tables and other database features associated with a person or user A DBMS can reference a schema to find where to access the requested data in relation to another piece of data

    34. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 34 Creating and Modifying the Database Data definition language (DDL): collection of instructions and commands used to define and describe data and relationships in a specific database Allows the database’s creator to describe the data and relationships that are to be contained in the schema Data dictionary: detailed description of all the data used in the database

    35. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 35 Creating and Modifying the Database (continued)

    36. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 36 Creating and Modifying the Database (continued)

    37. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 37 Storing and Retrieving Data When an application program requests data from the DBMS, the application program follows a logical access path When the DBMS goes to a storage device to retrieve the requested data, it follows a path to the physical location (physical access path) where the data is stored

    38. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 38 Storing and Retrieving Data (continued)

    39. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 39 Manipulating Data and Generating Reports Data manipulation language (DML): commands that manipulate the data in a database Structured Query Language (SQL) Adopted by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) as the standard query language for relational databases Once a database has been set up and loaded with data, it can produce reports, documents, and other outputs

    40. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 40 Manipulating Data and Generating Reports (continued)

    41. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 41 Database Administration Role of the database administrator (DBA): plan, design, create, operate, secure, monitor, and maintain databases DBA works with both users and programmers A data administrator is responsible for defining and implementing consistent principles for a variety of data issues, including setting data standards and data definitions; a nontechnical position

    42. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 42 Popular Database Management Systems Popular DBMSs for end users include Microsoft’s Access and FileMaker Pro Complete database management software market includes: Software for professional programmers Databases for midrange, mainframe, and supercomputers Examples of open-source database systems: PostgreSQL and MySQL Many traditional database programs are now available on open-source operating systems

    43. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 43 Special-Purpose Database Systems Some specialized database packages are used for specific purposes or in specific industries Israeli Holocaust Database (www.yadvashem.org) Hazmat database Art and Antique Organizer Deluxe Special-purpose database by Tableau can be used to store and process visual images

    44. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 44 Selecting a Database Management System Important characteristics of databases to consider Database size Database cost Concurrent users Performance Integration Vendor

    45. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 45 Using Databases with Other Software DBMSs can act as front-end or back-end applications Front-end applications interact directly with people or users Back-end applications interact with other programs or applications

    46. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 46 Database Applications Today’s database applications manipulate the content of a database to produce useful information Common manipulations are searching, filtering, synthesizing, and assimilating the data contained in a database using a number of database applications

    47. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 47 Linking Databases to the Internet Linking databases to the Internet is important for many organizations and people Semantic Web Developing a seamless integration of traditional databases with the Internet Allows people to access and manipulate a number of traditional databases at the same time through the Internet

    48. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 48 Data Warehouses, Data Marts, and Data Mining Data warehouse: database that collects business information from many sources in the enterprise, covering all aspects of the company’s processes, products, and customers Data mart: subset of a data warehouse Data mining: information-analysis tool that involves the automated discovery of patterns and relationships in a data warehouse

    49. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 49 Data Warehouses, Data Marts, and Data Mining (continued)

    50. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 50 Data Warehouses, Data Marts, and Data Mining (continued)

    51. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 51 Business Intelligence Business intelligence (BI): process of gathering enough of the right information in a timely manner and usable form and analyzing it to have a positive impact on business strategy, tactics, or operations Turns data into useful information that is then distributed throughout an enterprise

    52. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 52 Business Intelligence (continued) Competitive intelligence: aspect of business intelligence limited to information about competitors and the ways that knowledge affects strategy, tactics, and operations Counterintelligence: steps an organization takes to protect information sought by “hostile” intelligence gatherers

    53. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 53 Distributed Databases Distributed database Database in which the data may be spread across several smaller databases connected via telecommunications devices Gives corporations more flexibility in how databases are organized and used Replicated database Database that holds a duplicate set of frequently used data

    54. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 54 Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) Software that allows users to explore data from a number of different perspectives

    55. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 55 Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) (continued)

    56. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 56 Object-Oriented and Object-Relational Database Management Systems Object-oriented database: database that stores both data and its processing instructions Method: procedure or action Message: request to execute or run a method

    57. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 57 Object-Oriented and Object-Relational Database Management Systems (continued) Object-oriented database management system (OODBMS): group of programs that manipulate an object-oriented database and provide a user interface and connections to other application programs Object-relational database management system (ORDBMS): DBMS capable of manipulating audio, video, and graphical data

    58. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 58 Visual, Audio, and Other Database Systems Databases for storing images Databases for storing sound Virtual database systems: allow different databases to work together as a unified database system Other special-purpose database systems Spatial data technology: stores and accesses data according to the locations it describes and permits spatial queries and analysis

    59. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 59 Summary Database: a collection of integrated and related files Hierarchy of data: bits, characters, fields, records, files, and databases Key: a field or set of fields in a record that is used to identify the record Database approach to data management: a pool of related data is shared by multiple application programs Data model: diagram of entities and relationships

    60. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 60 Summary (continued) Relational model: describes data in which all elements are placed in two-dimensional tables called relations Database management system (DBMS): group of programs used as an interface between a database and application programs or a database and the user Role of the database administrator (DBA): plan, design, create, operate, secure, monitor, and maintain databases

    61. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 61 Summary (continued) Data warehouse: database that collects business information from all aspects of a company’s processes, products, and customers Data mining: information-analysis tool for the automated discovery of patterns and relationships in a data warehouse Object-oriented database: database that stores both data and its processing instructions

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