1 / 33

Fabrice Buschini University of Geneva

Facet analysis: a technique to combine structure and content in the study of social representations. Fabrice Buschini University of Geneva. Outline. Introduction : content and processes in the different approaches in the study of SRs. What is facet analysis basic principle

may-ryan
Télécharger la présentation

Fabrice Buschini University of Geneva

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Facet analysis: a technique to combine structure and content in the study of social representations. Fabrice Buschini University of Geneva

  2. Outline • Introduction : content and processes in the different approaches in the study of SRs. • What is facet analysis • basic principle • facets and mapping sentence • The Smallest Space Analysis • principle • distinctive features • basic structures • Interpretation of SSA • Relevance of facet analysis for the study of SRs • checking or re-evaluation existing models • locating position of different groups 11th Int. Summer School - Euro PhD on SRC - Roma 2-10 July 2005

  3. Processes and content • This distinction is very common and heuristic in science. • Focusing on the processes, one hopes to understand the principles of phenomena in a kind of universalistic dream. • On the contrary, the content in the flesh, which makes the phenomenon alive, particular and inserted in social world • If the focus is maintained only on one side, it can be prejudicial to the comprehension of the phenomenon • it is why, from the beginning, the SR theory insists on the necessity to investigate both content and processes in the study of SRs 11th Int. Summer School - Euro PhD on SRC - Roma 2-10 July 2005

  4. Three Schools in the study of SRs • Following the seminal work of Serge Moscovici on the SR of psychoanalysis (1961), three schools were developed for the study of SR • School of Paris • anthropological approach mainly qualitative based on observation, interviews and questionnaires • School of Aix (central core theory) • structural approach mainly quantitative based on interviews, questionnaires and above all words associations • School of Geneva (organizing principles theory) • mainly quantitative, it aims to study the common principles organizing a SR and the individual position relating to those principles • In theory, those school attach the same importance to the processes and the content. In practice, however, one of those two elements is more or less favoured : • Facet analysis could help to find a better balance between processes and content. 11th Int. Summer School - Euro PhD on SRC - Roma 2-10 July 2005

  5. Facet analysis: Basic principle • Resulting from the work of Louis Guttman (1944, 1950, 1977, 1994), facet analysis is a technique based on a method (the smallest space analysis). • It aims to control the adequacy between the theoretical level and the empirical level in a research. • The premise is that a good theory or a good model should be reflected in the empirical data. • The theoretical structure build by the researcher should be found in the structure of the data • The graphical representation of data should fit the structure of the model hypothesized by the researcher. 11th Int. Summer School - Euro PhD on SRC - Roma 2-10 July 2005

  6. Defining the facets • The first step is to identify the relevant concepts or dimensions involved in the model: • they will constitute the facets of the model ; • the elements of each facet should be then listed • The second step consists in combining those facets and their elements in a mapping sentence that • allows to check facets are independent and not overlapped • gives a convenient tool in the research planning and the elaboration of the tools for data collection. 11th Int. Summer School - Euro PhD on SRC - Roma 2-10 July 2005

  7. Example of a mapping sentence • From a research program by Lorenzi-Cioldi and Buschini (2005) on affirmative action: • representation of personality traits that male and female executives can possess. 11th Int. Summer School - Euro PhD on SRC - Roma 2-10 July 2005

  8. The smallest space analysis (SSA) • It is a statistical tool that provides a graphical representation of data matrix in a space as small as possible (Guttman, 1968, 1982). • It belongs to the Multidimensional scaling (MDS) family • but its specificity comes from the coefficient used to measure the relations between variables (elements of the representation) • The Guttman’s coefficient of monotonicity • Contrary to the factor analysis, all the variance of the data is represented in the space. • Of course, the reduction of the dimensions introduces a distortion • coefficient of alienation (stress in MDS) should be lesser than 0.2 11th Int. Summer School - Euro PhD on SRC - Roma 2-10 July 2005

  9. A monotonic relation • It is a relation in which the variables go on the whole in the same way, but not necessary in a linear way. 11th Int. Summer School - Euro PhD on SRC - Roma 2-10 July 2005

  10. Basic structures that can be found in SSA • Two prototypical forms can be identified in a SSA: • they can combine together to generate other forms of structure. • The first form, called simplex, corresponds to variables that can be ranked according to their proximity on a continuum: • The more the variables are close, the more they are linked. • The two extreme variables on the continuum are the less linked • This structure can be represented as a line, which is perpendicularly shared by the facet elements 11th Int. Summer School - Euro PhD on SRC - Roma 2-10 July 2005

  11. Representation of a Simplex 11th Int. Summer School - Euro PhD on SRC - Roma 2-10 July 2005

  12. Basic structures that can be found in SSA (2) • The second form appears with variables that can also be ranked according to their proximity. • However, the proximity is not on a continuum, • unless if a continuum without end is considered: • it is a step-by-step proximity. • The structure takes a circular form along which variables are linked step by step. • The facet elements can then be delimited by circles 11th Int. Summer School - Euro PhD on SRC - Roma 2-10 July 2005

  13. Representation of a Circumplex 11th Int. Summer School - Euro PhD on SRC - Roma 2-10 July 2005

  14. Basic structures that can be found in SSA (3) • Combination of two simplexes gives a duplex. • Combination of a simplex and a circumplex produces a radex. • If data are represented in a three-dimensional space, • a duplex can be combined with a simplex to give a triplex, • a radex can be combined with a simplex to produce a cylindrex. • The interested reader can find more information on those basic structures in the very complete chapter by Brown (1985). 11th Int. Summer School - Euro PhD on SRC - Roma 2-10 July 2005

  15. Duplex and Radex 11th Int. Summer School - Euro PhD on SRC - Roma 2-10 July 2005

  16. Back to the example 11th Int. Summer School - Euro PhD on SRC - Roma 2-10 July 2005

  17. Rules of interpretation • It is essential not to interpret the SSA structure as a factorial structure. • You cannot oppose can hide their feeling to sensitive: • It is the same nonsense than opposing Milano to Roma and saying that those two cities give a sense to a north / south direction. • Here, the interpretation should be done in terms of areas. • But this kind of interpretation is easier with if facets are projected on the SSA 11th Int. Summer School - Euro PhD on SRC - Roma 2-10 July 2005

  18. Facet A: gender of traits 11th Int. Summer School - Euro PhD on SRC - Roma 2-10 July 2005

  19. Facet B: valence of traits 11th Int. Summer School - Euro PhD on SRC - Roma 2-10 July 2005

  20. Facet C: Utility of traits 11th Int. Summer School - Euro PhD on SRC - Roma 2-10 July 2005

  21. From two to three dimensions • If we had a dimension to the SSA solution • The coefficient of alienation goes from 0.21 to 0.13 • The new solution will be better: • More complicated, but less distorted • Facet A appears under a similar form in the plane made by dimensions 1 and 2. • Facets B and C appear with a simpler structure in the plane made by dimensions 1 and 3 11th Int. Summer School - Euro PhD on SRC - Roma 2-10 July 2005

  22. Facet A in the plane d1 x d2 11th Int. Summer School - Euro PhD on SRC - Roma 2-10 July 2005

  23. Facet B and C in the plane d1 x d3 11th Int. Summer School - Euro PhD on SRC - Roma 2-10 July 2005

  24. Interest for the study of SRs • The reintroduction of the meaning, the symbolic into the structure • To reunify content and processes • It allows to check or evaluate some existing models • Basic cognitive schemata (Guimelli and Rouquette, 1992) • Bidimensional model of SRs (Moliner, 1994, 1995) • It allows to project different group’s position on the whole structure • By means of supplementary elements 11th Int. Summer School - Euro PhD on SRC - Roma 2-10 July 2005

  25. SCB EXPRESSION DES RELATIONS LEXIQUE A signifie la même chose que votre réponse A peut être défini comme votre réponse A est le contraire de votre réponse VOISINAGE A fait partie, est inclus, est un exemple de votre réponse A a pour exemple, pour cas particulier, comprend, inclut votre réponse A appartient à la même catégorie générale de réponse COMPOSITION A est une composante, un constituant de votre réponse A a pour composante, pour constituant, votre réponse A et votre réponse, sont tous deux les constituants de la même chose, du même objet PRAXIE A fait votre réponse A a une action sur votre réponse A utilise votre réponse C’est votre réponse qui fait A A est une action qui a pour objet, porte sur, s’applique à votre réponse Pour faire A on utilise votre réponse Votre réponse est quelqu’un (personne, institution) qui agit sur A Votre réponse désigne une action que l’on peut faire sur A Votre réponse est un outil que l’on utilise sur A A est utilisé par votre réponse On utilise A pour faire votre réponse A est un outil que l’on peut utiliser pour votre réponse. ATTRIBUTION A est toujours caractérisé par votre réponse A est souvent caractérisé par votre réponse A est parfois caractérisé par votre réponse A doit avoir la qualité de votre réponse Votre réponse évalue A A a pour effet, entraîne votre réponse A a pour cause, dépend de, est entraîné par votre réponse List of BCS 11th Int. Summer School - Euro PhD on SRC - Roma 2-10 July 2005

  26. Fictive structure of the bidimensional model 11th Int. Summer School - Euro PhD on SRC - Roma 2-10 July 2005

  27. Conclusion • Great interest of facet analysis for the study of SRs • It takes into account both content and processes • It respects the dialectical relation between semantic, symbolical, pragmatic aspects of the elements of the representation and their structure • It allows to study both the consensual part of SRs and their group modulations • Technically, it is not more complicated than other statistical software • Facet analysis could be an important source of innovation • If researchers are less conservative and timorous 11th Int. Summer School - Euro PhD on SRC - Roma 2-10 July 2005

  28. References • Abric, J.-C. & Guimelli, C. (2002). La zone muette des représentations sociales : approche théorique et méthodologique, 6th International Conference on Social Representations “Thinking Societies: Common Sense and Communication”, University of Stirling, Scotland, 27th August - 1st September 2002. • Abric, J.-C. & Vacherot G. (1976). Méthodologie et étude expérimentale des représentations sociales : tâche, partenaire et comportement en situation de jeu. Bulletin de Psychologie, XXIX, 735-746 • Borg, I. & Shye, S. (1995). Facet theory: Form and content, Thousand Oaks, Sage Publications. • Brown, J. (1985). An introduction to the uses of facet theory, in D. Canter (ed.), Facet theory. Approaches to social research, New York, Springer-Verlag, p. 17-57. • Canter, D. (ed.) (1985). Facet theory. Approaches to social research, New York, Springer-Verlag. 11th Int. Summer School - Euro PhD on SRC - Roma 2-10 July 2005

  29. References (2) • Clémence, A. (2003). L’analyse des principes organisateurs des représentations sociales, in S. Moscovici & F. Buschini (eds), Les méthodes des sciences humaines, Paris, PUF, p. 393-410. • Deschamps, J.-C. & Guimelli, C. (2001). L'organisation interne des représentations sociales de la sécurité/insécurité et l'hypothèse de la “zone muette”, 9ème table ronde “Perspectives cognitives et conduites sociales”, San Sebastian. • Doise, W. (1986). Les représentations sociales : définition d’un concept, in W. Doise & A. Palmonari (eds), L’étude des représentations sociales, Neuchâtel, Delachaux et Niestlé, p. 81-94. • Doise, W. (2001). Droits de l’homme et force des idées, Paris, PUF. • Flament, C. (1986). L’analyse de similitude : une technique pour les recherches sur les représentations sociales, in W. Doise & A. Palmonari (eds), L’étude des représentations sociales, Neuchâtel, Delachaux et Niestlé, p. 139-156. 11th Int. Summer School - Euro PhD on SRC - Roma 2-10 July 2005

  30. References (3) • Flament, C. (1987). Pratiques et représentations sociales, in J. -L. Beauvois, R. -V. Joule & J. -M. Monteil (eds), Perspectives cognitives et conduites sociales, 1, Théories implicites et conflits cognitifs, Cousset, Delval, p. 143-150. • Flament, C. (1989). Structure et dynamique des représentations sociales, in D. Jodelet (ed.), Les représentations sociales, Paris, PUF, p. 204-219. • Giraud-Heraud, J. (1974). La notion de groupe : analyse structurale d'une représentation sociale. Mémoire de maîtrise, Université de Provence. • Guimelli, C. (1989). Pratiques nouvelles et transformation sans rupture d’une représentation sociale : la représentation de la chasse et de la nature, in J. -L. Beauvois, R. -V. Joule & J. -M. Monteil (eds), Perspectives cognitives et conduites sociales, 2, Représentations et processus socio-cognitifs, Cousset, Delval. • Guimelli, C. (1994) (ed.). Structures et transformations des représentations sociales, Neuchâtel, Delachaux et Niestlé. 11th Int. Summer School - Euro PhD on SRC - Roma 2-10 July 2005

  31. References (4) • Guimelli, C., Rouquette, M.-L. (1992). Contribution du modèle associatif des schèmes cognitifs de base à l’analyse structurale des représentations sociales, Bulletin de Psychologie, n° Spécial « Nouvelles voies en psychologie sociale », XIV, 405, 196-202 • Guttman, L. (1944). A basis for scaling qualitative data, American Sociological Review, 9, 139-150. • Guttman, L. (1950). The basis for scaloram analysis, in S. A. Stouffer, L. Guttman, E. A. Suchman, P. F. Lazarsfeld, S. A. Star & J. A. Clausen, Measurement and prediction : Studies in social psychology in World War II, vol. 4, Princeton, Princeton University Press, p. 60-90. • Guttman, L. (1968). A general nonmetric technique for finding the smallest co-ordinate space for a configuration, Psychometrika, 33, 469-506. • Guttman, L. (1977). What is not what in statistics, The Statistician, 26, 81-107. • Guttman, L. (1982). Facet theory, smallest space analysis and factor analysis, Perceptual and Motor Skills, 454, 491-493. 11th Int. Summer School - Euro PhD on SRC - Roma 2-10 July 2005

  32. References (5) • Guttman, L. (1994). Louis Guttman on theory and methodology: selected writings, edited by Shlomit Levy, Aldershot, Hants, England, Dartmouth Publishing Company. • Haas, V. & Jodelet, D. (1999). Pensée et mémoire sociales, in J. -P. Pétard (ed.), Psychologie sociale, Paris, Editions Bréal, p. 111-160. • Jodelet, D. (1989). Folies et représentations sociales, Paris, PUF. • Jodelet, D. (2003). Aperçus sur les méthodologies qualitatives, in S. Moscovici & F. Buschini (eds), Les méthodes des sciences humaines, Paris, PUF, p. 139-162. • Laurens, S. & Roussiau, N. (eds) (2002). La mémoire sociale. Identités et représentations sociales. Rennes, Presses Universitaires de Rennes. • Lorenzi-Cioldi, F. (2002). Les représentations des groupes dominants et dominés. Collections et agrégats. Grenoble, PUG. 11th Int. Summer School - Euro PhD on SRC - Roma 2-10 July 2005

  33. References (6) • Lorenzi-Cioldi, F. & Buschini, F. (2002). Carrière au masculin et carrières au féminin, 6th International Conference on Social Representations “Thinking Societies: Common Sense and Communication”, University of Stirling, Scotland, 27th August - 1st September 2002. • Moliner, P. (1994). Les deux dimensions des représentations sociales, Revue Internationale de Psychologie Sociale, 7, 2, 73-86. • Moliner, P. (1995). A two-dimensional model of social representations, European Journal of Social Psychology, 25, 1, 27-40. • Moscovici, S. (1961). La psychanalyse, son image et son public. Paris, P.U.F. (nouvelle édition, entièrement refondue, P.U.F., 1976). • Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries, in M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 25, New York, Academic Press, 1-65. 11th Int. Summer School - Euro PhD on SRC - Roma 2-10 July 2005

More Related