THE DOHA DEVELOPMENT AGENDA (DDA)

1. THE DOHA DEVELOPMENT AGENDA(DDA) Results of 2005 MC Hong Kong Reference Centre Upgrading Training Institute and Technical Cooperation-WTO Moscow - March 2006 World Trade Organisation

2. Contacts at WTO Gérard Tourette, Counsellor, Coordinator of the Reference Centres Tel: +4122 739 5419, Fax: +4122 7395764 Email: gerard.tourette@wto.org Thomas Braun, IT Security Officer, Informatics Division Tel: +4122 739 5698, Fax: +4122 7395791 Email: thomas.braun@wto.org Institute for Training and Technical Cooperation-WTO

3. Doha Development Agenda • WTO Ministerial Conferences • Singapore (December 1996) • Geneva (May 1998) • Seattle (November/December 1999) • Fourth Ministerial Conference Doha (9-14 December 2001) - Outcome “Doha Development Agenda • Fifth Ministerial Conference: Cancun Sept. 2003 • Sixth Ministerial Conference: Hong Kong (13-18 Dec. 2005)

4. Ministerial ConferenceSixth SessionHong Kong 13-18 December 2005 MINISTERIAL DECLARATION • Document WT/MIN(05)/DEC • dated 22 December 2005 • Doha work programme • Adopted on 18 December 2005

5. Doha Work Programme • The objectives: • Complete Doha Work Programme and conclude the negotiations launched at Doha in 2001 by the end of the year 2006, • Development importance in terms of the results of the negotiations on Market access and rule-making and the specific development related issues. (par.1,2)

6. Doha Work Programme Agriculture Negotiations- Elimination of all forms of export subsidies by the end of 2013,Annex A on all three pillars of the negotiations – domestic support, export competition and market access.

7. Agriculture Negotiations Domestic support – Briefly the facts. Potential convergences albeit on a manifestly conditional basis, Overall cut: many working hypothesis of 3 possible bands which provides a primary snapshot: De minimis: On product-specific de minimis and non-product-specific de minimis, there is a zone of engagement for cuts between 50% and 80% for developed countries. - As regards developing countries, there are still divergences to be bridged. In addition to the exemption specifically provided for in the Framework, there is a view that, for all developing countries, there should be no cut in de minimis at all . Blue Box: Convergence on moving beyond (i.e. further constraining) Blue Box programme payments envisaged in the July 2004 Framework. However, the technique for achieving this remains to be determined.

8. Agriculture Negotiations Domestic support – Briefly the facts. There is a working hypothesis of three bands for developed countries. AMS (MGS) : There is close (but not full) convergence on the thresholds for those bands. There appears to be convergence that the top tier should be US$25 billion and above. There is some remaining divergence over the ceiling for the bottom band: between US$12 billion and 15 billion. There is therefore working hypothesis agreement that the European Communities should be in the top tier, and the United States in the second tier. Green Box: The review and clarification commitment has not resulted in any discernible convergence on operational outcomes. There is, on the one side, a firm rejection of anything that is seen as departing from the existing disciplines while there is, on the other, an enduring sense that more could be done to review the Green Box without undermining ongoing reform.

9. Agriculture Negotiations export competition – Briefly the facts End date: Members committed themselves to the parallel elimination of all forms of export subsidies by the year 2013. Export credits: Convergence has been achieved on a number of elements of disciplines with respect to export credits, export credit guarantee or insurance programmes with repayment periods of 180 days and below. However, a number of critical issues remain. Exporting State Trading Enterprises: There has been material convergence on rules to address trade-distorting practices identified in the July 2004 Framework text. Fundamentally opposing positions remain, however, on the issue of the future use of monopoly powers. Food Aid: There is consensus among Members that the WTO shall not stand in the way of the provision of real/genuine food aid. There is also consensus that what is to be eliminated is commercial displacement. proposals that in the disciplines a distinction should be made between at least two types of food aid: emergency food aid and food aid to address other situations. Special and Differential Treatment: uncontroversial, however details remain to be established. Special circumstances: consultation procedures to govern any ad hoc temporary financing arrangements relating to exports to developing countries in exceptional circumstances is not much developed.

10. Agriculture Negotiations Market Access Ad Valorem equivalents: A basis for allocating items a working hypothesis of four bands for the tiered formula for structuring tariff cuts. The method for calculating the AVEs for the sugar lines is still to be established. Sensitive Products: Members have been prepared to make concrete - albeit conditional - proposals on the number of sensitive products.The fundamental divergence over the basic approach to treatment of sensitive products needs to be resolved. Special and Differential Treatment: Just as for developed countries, there is a working hypothesis of four bands for developing countries. There is no disagreement on lesser cuts within the bands. Some Members continue to reject completely the concept of a tariff cap for developing countries. Others have proposed a cap at 150%. For sensitive products, there is no disagreement that there should be greater flexibility for developing countries, but the extent of this needs to be further defined. Special Products:Regarding designation of special products, there has been a clear divergence between Members. Special Safeguard Mechanism: There is agreement that there would be a special safeguard mechanism and that it should be tailored to the particular circumstances and needs of developing countries. So, much remains to be done in order to establish modalities and to conclude the negotiations. Modalities should be established no later than 30 April 2006 and comprehensive draft Schedules based on these modalities no later than 31 July 2006.

11. Agriculture Negotiations LDCs and AGR Negotiations: Developed Members, and developing country Members in a position to do so, should provide duty-free and quota-free market access for products originating from least-developed countries, However, it is not at this point concretely operational for all Members. At this stage, several Members have made undertakings. Proposals for this to be bound remain on the table.

12. Agriculture Negotiations • Cotton (sub committee under AGR Committee): • Decision adopted by the General Council on 1 August 2004 to address cotton ambitiously, expeditiously and specifically, within the agriculture negotiations in relation to all trade-distorting policies affecting the sector in all three pillars of market access, domestic support and export competition, as specified in the Doha text and the July 2004 Framework text. • According to HKG MC, explicit decisions should be taken for: • All forms of export subsidies for cotton to be eliminated by developed countries in 2006. • Developed countries will give duty and quota free access for cotton exports from least-developed countries (LDCs) from the commencement of the implementation period. • it should be implemented over a shorter period of time than generally applicable. • Full commitment to give priority in the negotiations to reach such an outcome.

13. NAMA Negotiations • Swiss Formula with coefficients at levels which shall inter alia: • Reduce or as appropriate eliminate tariffs, including the reduction or elimination of tariff peaks, high tariffs and tariff escalation, in particular on products of export interest to developing countries; • And take fully into account the special needs and interests of developing countries, including through less than full reciprocity in reduction commitments. • Negotiating Group to finalize its structure and detailsas soon as possible. • progress have been made to convert non ad valorem duties to ad valorem equivalents on the basis of an agreed methodology as contained in JOB(05)/166/Rev.1. • instruct the Negotiating Group to establish ways to provide flexibilities for small, vulnerable economies without creating a sub-category of WTO Members. • Negotiating Group has made progress in the identification, categorization and examination of notified NTBs. • establish modalities no later than 30 April 2006 and to submit comprehensive draft Schedules based on these modalities no later than 31 July 2006.

14. HKG MC: major points Balance between Agriculture and NAMA: • important to advance the development objectives of this Round through enhanced market access for developing countries in both Agriculture and NAMA. Services negotiations:all Members to participate actively in these negotiations towards achieving a progressively higher level of liberalization of trade in services, - with appropriate flexibility for individual developing countriesand - and acknowledge that LDCs are not expected to undertake new commitments. - particular attention will be given to sectors and modes of supply of export interest to developing countries. Rules negotiations: Par. 28 & 29 DDA – and main concerns forAnti-Dumping and Subsidies and Countervailing Measures including Fisheries Subsidies and Regional Trade Agreements .

15. TRIPS negotiations: progress in the negotiations on the establishment of a multilateral system of notification and registration of geographical indications for wines and spirits, as mandated in Article 23.4 of the TRIPS Agreement and paragraph 18 of the Doha Ministerial Declaration. Environment negotiations: regular information exchange between Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEA) Secretariats and the relevant WTO committees, and criteria for the granting of observer status. Trade Facilitation negotiations: Annex E /HKG MC mandate and modalities such as for..... Publication and Availability of Information - time Periods Between Publication and Implementation - Consultation and Comments on New and Amended Rules -Advance Rulings -Appeal Procedures -Other Measures to Enhance Impartiality and Non-Discrimination - Fees and Charges Connected with Importation and Exportation - Formalities Connected with Importation and Exportation – etc.... Implementation: more appropriate solutions must found as a priority to outstanding implementation-related issues. Small economies: Instruction is given to the COMTD in ordr to release a report to the GC for the 31 December 2006 at the latest. Trade, debt and finance: Report to be prepared for the next session of the GC, based on the DDA par.36 Trade & Transfer of technology: Report to be prepared for the next session of the GC, based on the DDA par.37 E commerce: No customs duties on electronic transmissions, and report to be prepared for the next session of the GC.

16. LDCs: - Strong commitment to effectively and meaningfully integrate LDCs into the multilateral trading system and shall continue to implement the WTO Work Programme for LDCs adopted in February 2002. - implement duty-free and quota-free market access for products originating from LDCs as provided for in Annex F (i.e. SD treatment) to the HKG MC. - Members shall take additional measures to provide effective market access at the border and simplified and transparent rules of origin so as to facilitate PMA exports. - In the services negotiations, Members shall implement the LDC modalities and give priority to the sectors and modes of supply of export interest to LDCs, particularly mode 4. - facilitate and accelerate negotiations with acceding LDCs based on the accession guidelines adopted by the General Council in December 2002 - TRIPS Council to extend the transition period under Article 66.1 (i.e. LDC members) of the TRIPS Agreement. - reaffirm commitment to enhance effective trade-related technical assistance and capacity building to LDCs on a priority basis in helping to overcome their limited human and institutional trade-related capacity to enable LDCs to maximize the benefits resulting from the DDA.

17. Integrated Framework and JITAP: - The Task Force, composed of donor and LDC members, will provide recommendations to the IFSC (IF Steering Committee) by April 2006. - IF shall enter into force no later than 31 December 2006. considering ways that: - IF provides increased, predictable, and additional funding on a multi-year basis; - it will strengthen the IF in-country, including through mainstreaming trade into national development plans and poverty reduction strategies; - it will improve the IF decision-making and management structure to ensure an effective and timely delivery of the increased financial resources and programmes. - urge the six IF core agencies to continue to cooperate closely in the implementation of the IF, to increase their investments in this initiative and to intensify their assistance in trade-related infrastructure, private sector development and institution building to help LDCs expand and diversify their export base.

18. Technical Cooperation: • substantial increase in trade-related technical assistance since the Fourth Session, which reflects the enhanced commitment of Members to address the increased demand for technical assistance, through both bilateral and multilateral programmes. • ensure that programmes focus accordingly on the needs of beneficiary countries and reflect the priorities and mandates adopted by Members. • reinforce the partnerships and coordination with other agencies and regional bodies • encourage all Members to cooperate with the International Trade Centre (par. 53) , which complements WTO work by providing a platform for business to interact with trade negotiators, and practical advice for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to benefit from the multilateral trading system. • role of the Joint Integrated Technical Assistance Programme (JITAP) in building the capacity of participating countries. • - TC structures should be strengthened and its resources enhanced.

19. Commodity issues: - Too much dependence of developing and LDCs on the export of commodities and the problems they face because of the adverse impact of the long-term decline and sharp fluctuation in the prices of their major exported commodities. -Then intensify cooperation with other relevant international organizations and report regularly to the General Council with possible recommendations. Aid for Trade : See next slide. - Must be a complement of the DDA, - Should aim to help developing countries, particularly LDCs to expand their trade, - A task force will provide recommendations to the GC by July 2006, - Financial resources must be long term secured. Accessions: - Since last MC, Nepal, Cambodia, and Saudi Arabia. - Still 29 countries under accessions.

20. Aid for Trade HKG MC decision • Aid for trade is a directive of the recent Ministerial Conference at Hong Kong in December 2005, • Composed of 12 WTO members: Barbados, Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, E.U., Japan, India, Thailand, USA and the Coordinators of the ACP, the African Group, and the LDC Group. • Ambassador Mia Horn Af Rantzien of Sweden will chair the Task Force

21. Agriculture: Domestic support to farmersexpressed in % of gross agricultural income Source: OCDE 2004

22. The Groups • Cairns Group: • 17 main exporting countries of AGR products – Hostile to EU and US subsidies • UE and USA: • are the major negotiating countries • G-90 • (see African Union/Group, ACP, least-developed countries) • MERCOSUR: • Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay

23. The GROUPS G-10:countries importing AGR products with a high level of protectionismBulgaria, Iceland, Israel, Japan, Korea, Republic of, Liechtenstein, Mauritius, Norway, Switzerland, Chinese Taipei (See “European-East Asian grouping”) G-20: Brazil and India are the main leaders of the group negotiating the overall AGR and IND market access, services and AGR issues with the Developed countries (1) WT/MIN(03)/W6/Add.2: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Guatemala, India, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, South Africa, Thailand, Venezuela (2) WT/L/559 (countries participating in the 11–12 December 2003 G-20 Ministerial Meeting): Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, China, Cuba, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Paraguay, Philippines, South Africa, Tanzania, Venezuela, Zimbabwe G-33 (understood to comprise 42 countries):Developing countries requiring a SD treatment for certain AGR sensitive products – of their interest Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Botswana, China, Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Jamaica, Kenya, Korea, Mauritius, Madagascar, Mongolia, Mozambique, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Senegal, St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent & the Grenadines, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Tanzania, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, Uganda, Venezuela, Zambia, Zimbabwe

24. THE GROUPS African Group (41 countries):Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Congo (Democratic Republic), Côte d’Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe African Union/Group, ACP, least-developed countries (also known as “G-90”, but with 64 WTO members): Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Cuba, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Fiji, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guinea (Conakry), Guinea Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Suriname, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe ASEAN (members of WTO):Brunei, Cambodia (from October 2004), Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand Cairns Group (G/AG/NG/W/11, 35, 54, 93):Argentina, Australia, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada (G/AG/NG/W/11, 35, 93), Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Indonesia, Malaysia, New Zealand, Paraguay, Philippines, South Africa, Thailand, Uruguay Caricom:Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Suriname

25. Consultations According to Agreement at Issue

26. Complainants

27. Respondents

28. Les pays qui pourraient porter plainte (complainants) devant l’OMC contre les USA (respondents) Source : Courrier International, #788, p.13 (8 au 14/12/2005)

29. Leading exporters in world merchandise trade (2003)Excluding intra-EU trade Source:IDB/WTO

30. Leading importers in world trade merchandise trade (2003)Excluding intra-EU trade Source:IDB/WTO

31. Source IDB/WTO Average applied tariffs By countries’ income level ( * at purchasing power parity)

32. World Trade Organization Presented by Gérard Tourette Counsellor Institute for Training and Technical Cooperation Telephone: (+4122) 739 5419, Fax: (+4122) 739 5764, E-mail: gerard.tourette@wto.org