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16’54”

16’54”. A Tour of the Music of the Twentieth-Century. impressionism. Claude Debussy Images , “Reflections on the Water” tonal sonorities… non-functional harmony… colorful texture…. 1905. expressionism. Arnold Schoenberg Book of the Hanging Garden, “Angst und Hoffen”

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16’54”

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  1. 16’54” A Tour of the Music of the Twentieth-Century

  2. impressionism • Claude Debussy • Images, “Reflections on the Water” • tonal sonorities… • non-functional harmony… • colorful texture… 1905

  3. expressionism • Arnold Schoenberg • Book of the Hanging Garden, “Angst und Hoffen” • the dissolution of tonality… • full of emotional expression… • jagged melodic lines • romanticism’s last gasps… 1908

  4. expressionism • Anton Webern • (a student of Schoenberg) • Five Movements for String Quartet, Op. 5, No. 4 • free atonality… • spare gestures… • new instrumental timbres… 1909

  5. an early American great • Charles Ives • Second Violin Sonata, Mvt. 3, “Revival” • quotation… • polymeter, changing meters… • polytonality… • quintal and whole-tone chords… 1910

  6. another atonal miniature • Schoenberg • Six Little Piano Pieces, Op. 19 • Number 4 1911

  7. this one’s a riot (or caused one) • Igor Stravinsky • The Rite of Spring • anti-romantic… • abrupt contrasts… • narrow melodies… • evocation of the primitive… 1912

  8. an expressionist opera • Alban Berg • another student of Schoenberg • Wozzeck • “Marie’s Lullaby” (Act 1, Scene 3) 1922

  9. a new approach to composition • Arnold Schoenberg • Suite, Op. 25, Trio (of a minuet) • based on a twelve-tone row: • return to earlier forms (dance) E F G Db Gb Eb Ab D B C A Bb 1923

  10. …meanwhile… • Edgard Varèse • Hyperprism • experiments in musical timbre… • winds brass and • a whole lot o’ percussion 1923

  11. …meanwhile… • Henry Cowell • The Banshee • experiments in musical timbre • can you guess the sound source? 1925

  12. …a return to the past… • Igor Stravinsky • Symphony of Psalms • 1930s neo-classicism • psalm text… • ostinatos... • pitch-centered, non-functional 1930

  13. a more tonal twelve-tone • Alban Berg • Violin Concerto • What sonorities did the violin solo first outline? 1935

  14. a gen-u-ine sonata • Paul Hindemith • Piano Sonata No. 2, I • more neo-classicism • can you hear the sections of an exposition? 1936

  15. back to the baroque? • Anton Webern • Cantata No. 1, Op. 29, I • text painting (thunder!) • tone rows chosen to limit chord vocabulary 1939

  16. wartime • Olivier Messiaen • quartet for the end of time “dance of fury, by the seven trumpets” • irregular, additive rhythms • what’s the texture? 1941

  17. an American ballet • Aaron Copland • Appalachian Spring • unabashed diatonicism… • but non-functional… 1945

  18. on pins and needles:a trip to the hardware store • John Cage • Sonatas and Interludes for Prepared piano • exploring new sounds… • aleatoric composition process… 1948

  19. hyperserialism • Pierre Boulez • Structures 1a • tone rows and • rhythm rows 1952

  20. hyperserialism • Milton Babbitt • Semi-simple variations theme and Var. 1 • exceedingly careful control of the presentation of 12 pitches… 1956

  21. take another chance • John Cage • Fontana Mix • For electronic tape • Composed through indeterminate processes • Aria • Written in colored graphic notation • Singer chooses “style” for each colored gesture • May be performed separately. • Or together. • Whatever. 1958

  22. cluster’s last stand? • Krzysztof Penderecki • Threnody (For the victims of Hiroshima) • new sound resources… • sound “masses” • unusual string timbres • constrained improvisation… 1961

  23. Miniminiminiminiminim-alism • Terry Riley • In C • 53 measures, each repeated ad lib. • any combo, number of instruments • this performance 42 minutes • This is excerpt 1 • Here’s a second excerpt 1964

  24. phaseshiftinghaseshiftingp • Steve Reich • Piano Phase • two performers begin in unison… • one gradually pulls ahead… • this “gradual process” continues until they rejoin • new counterpoint results… • [second excerpt] 1967

  25. an homage to an homage of the past • Luciano Berio • Sinfonia, III, In ruhig fliessender Bewegung • a masterwork of quotation • what music underlies the excerpt? • what texts do you hear? 1969

  26. theatrical music • George Crumb • Apparitions 1980

  27. less minimilism • John Adams • Short Ride on a Fast Machine • includes some of minimalism’s repetitive elements • adds • greater local melodic interest • faster harmonic rhythm 1981

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