Review for Final Exam: Weather Maps, Atmospheric Composition, Temperature, Moisture, Stability, Atmospheric Pressure, Gl

1. NATS 101Lecture 35Penultimate Day Review

2. Quiz Answer Keys • Answer keys for all of the quizzes (except the upcoming one!) will be posted on the homepage sometime this afternoon. • The old quizzes are very useful study guide since 40 questions on the Final Exam will be verbatim copies of prior quiz questions. • And speaking of the Final Exam…

3. Final Exam Exemptions • During class on Wednesday, 7 Dec 2005, written statements will be issued to students who earned an exemption from the final per criteria in the course syllabus. • To qualify for an exception, a student must have accumulated a total of 126 or more correct answers on all of their in class quizzes and pop quizzes. 90%  140 (7 quizzes  20 questions) = 126!

4. Final Exam Exemptions • The student must attend class on that day to receive their written exemption. • This will be only time and place that exemptions will be issued. • While this might seem overly intolerant, it keeps the situation manageable for me. No Show Wednesday = No Exemption!

5. Final Exam Exemptions • In lieu of taking the final exam, a qualified student can chose to hand in their exception statement with their signature immediately following class on 7 Dec 2005. • This is the only procedure that a student can use to “cash in” their exemption. NO EXCEPTIONS! (So Please…Don’t Even Ask)

6. Final Exam Exemptions • A tally of those students who qualify for an exemption will be complete by next class. • If you believe you have qualified for an exception but your name is not announced next class, then you must prove the mistake. • You do this by coming to my office ASAP. • Bring all of your graded quizzes. I can then verify if a mistake was made and issue, if needed, an exception (and apology!).

7. How to Challenge Your Final Grade • Keep all of your graded quizzes until the beginning of next term. Why? • It is your only proof that a mistake was made on your final grade. • It is your burden to prove a mistake.

8. How to Challenge Your Final Grade • If you believe a mistake was made, then come to my office early next semester and bring all of your graded quizzes. • I can then verify whether mistake was made and issue, if necessary, a grade change and a major suck-up apology!

9. Review Topics Chapter 1 • Weather Maps • Surface Plots/Maps • Upper Air Plots/Maps • Atmospheric Composition • Primary Gases • Trace Gases • Vertical Structure • Height  Pressure, Density, Temperature • Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, etc.

10. Review Topics Chapter 2 and 3 • Temperature • Scales, Molecular Meaning • Heat Transfer • Conduction, Convection, Radiation • Radiation • Wien’s Law, Stephan-Boltzmann Law • Greenhouse Effect • Selective absorption and emission

11. Review Topics Chapter 2 and 3 • Diurnal Temperature Range • Time of Maximum and Minimum • Heat Balance Relationships and Time Lag • Seasons • Primary Cause: Tilt of Earth’s Axis • Length of Day, Beam Spreading • Heat Balance and Time Lag

12. Review Topics Chapter 4 • Moisture • Partial Pressure, Saturation Vapor Pressure • How Water Vapor is Measured and Parameters • How Condensation Occurs • Latent Heat Release • Clouds • Fog Types and Mechanisms • Cloud Types: Height and Vertical Development

13. Review Topics Chapter 5 • Stability • Stable, Unstable, Conditionally Unstable • Dry and Moist Adiabatic Lapse Rates, • Environmental Lapse Rate and Stability • Precipitation Processes • Collision-Coalescence, Warm Clouds • Ice Crystal Process, Mixed Clouds • Accretion (Riming)-Splintering-Aggregation • Rain, Freezing Rain, Sleet, Snow

14. Review Topics Chapter 6 • Atmospheric Pressure • Ideal Gas Law • Reduction of Surface Pressure to Sea Level • Surface Maps, Upper Air Maps • Surface  Isobars at Mean Sea Level • Upper Air  Heights of Isobaric Surfaces

15. Review Topics Chapter 6 • Newton Law • Accelerated Frame of Reference • Coriolis Force • Geostrophic Balance and Winds • Surface Winds, Vertical Motion • Friction • Curved Flow  Gradient Wind • Divergence-Convergence Vertical Motion

16. Review Topics Chapter 7 • Diurnal Winds • Land-Sea Breeze • Mountain-Valley Breeze • Thermally Direct Circulation • Monsoons: Annual Reversal Wind • Analogue of Land-Sea Breeze • Asia Monsoon Strongest • Mexican Monsoon • Thermally Direct Circulation

17. Review Topics Chapter 7 • Global Circulation • Equator-Pole Temperature Difference • Thermally Direct Circulation • 3-Cell Circulation  Earth’s Rotation • Hadley, Ferrell, Polar • Relation to Climate Zones • Air-Sea Interactions • Upwelling • El Nino

18. Review Topics Chapter 8 • Air Masses • Classified by Source Region • Continental-Maritime, Tropics-Polar • Characteristic Weather • Fronts • Types: Cold, Warm, Stationary, Occluded • Characteristic Weather and Structure

19. Review Topics Chapter 8 • Midlatitude Cyclones • Caused by Temperature Gradients • Role of Upper-Level Divergence • Structure • Trough tilts toward the west with increasing height

20. Review Topics Chapter 9 • Weather Forecasting • Simple Types • Persistence, Trend, Analog Climatology • Numerical Weather Prediction • Computer models • Why all Forecasts Go Awry • NWP shortcomings • Chaos

21. Review Topics Chapter 10 • Thunderstorms • Types: Air Mass, Severe, Supercell • Role of Downdraft • Climatology • Lightning and Thunder • In-Cloud versus Cloud-to-Ground • Sequence for Cloud-to-Ground Stroke • Cause of Thunder • Speed of Sound

22. Review Topics Chapter 10 • Tornadoes • Cause • Tilting of Rotation from horizontal to vertical axis • Characteristic Weather • Climatology • Damage

23. Review Topics Chapter 11 • Hurricanes • Cause: Energy from Warm Ocean • Structure • Development Sequence • Climatology • Damage • Winds, Rain Flooding, Coastal Storm Surge

24. Review Topics Chapter 12 • Air Pollution • Primary Pollutants • CO, NO, SO2, VOC’s, PM • Secondary Pollutants • H2SO4, NHO3, NO2, O3, SMOG • Pollution Weather • Inversion, Weak Winds, Sunny, Hot • Ventilation Factor • Acid Rain • pH Rain (5.6 Pristine)

25. Review Topics Chapter 12 • Ozone Hole • Natural balance of stratospheric ozone • How CFC ‘s disrupt balance- chlorine atoms • CFC Sources, Resident Time • Special conditions exist in Antarctica • Annual cycle of Ozone Hole

26. Review Topics Chapter 14 • Natural Climate Variability • Climate always changes • Use proxy data to reconstruct past climate • CO2-temperature relationship • Mechanisms of climate change • Milankovich Theory of Ice Ages • Continental Drift on Geologic Time Scales • Complexity of climate • Positive and Negative Feedback

27. Review Topics Chapter 14 • Anthroprogenic Climate Variability • Confident of warming past 150 years • How much (if any) is man-made? • Mechanism: CO2 and Greenhouse effect • Use climate models to produce future climates • 1% per annum CO2 increases produce • 2C temperature rise • Precipitation much more uncertain • Key policy and planning questions?

28. Assignment Next Lecture • Announce Final Exemptions • Overview of Final Exam • Information on “What Score on Final is Needed to Improve Course Grade”? • Student Course Evaluations