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Chapter 5 Gender Issues

Chapter 5 Gender Issues. Sex and Gender Definitions. Sex genetic, anatomical Gender psychosocial meaning of maleness and femaleness Gender Identity subjective sense of being male or female Gender (Sex) Role cultural norms for male and female behavior. Gender-Identity Formation.

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Chapter 5 Gender Issues

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  1. Chapter 5Gender Issues

  2. Sex and GenderDefinitions • Sex • genetic, anatomical • Gender • psychosocial meaning of maleness and femaleness • Gender Identity • subjective sense of being male or female • Gender (Sex) Role • cultural norms for male and female behavior

  3. Gender-Identity Formation • Typical prenatal differentiation • 23 human chromosomes • 22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome • Chromosomal sex • XX: female XY: male • DSS gene on X • SRY gene on Y

  4. Typical Prenatal Differentiation

  5. Typical Prenatal Differentiation • Gonadal sex • Ovaries or testes • Hormonal sex • Estrogens and androgens

  6. Typical Prenatal Differentiation • Internal structures • Müllerian duct • Males – Vas deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory duct • Wolffian duct • Females – Fallopian tubes, uterus, inner 1/3 vagina • External structures • Genital tubercle • Clitoris or penis • Labioscrotal swelling • Labia or scrotum

  7. Prenatal Differentiation of Internal Structures

  8. Prenatal Differentiation of External Genitals

  9. Homologous Sex Organs

  10. Sex Differentiation Of The Brain • Hypothalamus • Differentiates in pregnancy • Directs production of sex hormones • May influence sex differences and sexual functioning • Cerebral hemispheres • Corpus callosum

  11. Parts of the Brain

  12. Atypical Prenatal Differentiation • Intersexed • True hermaphrodites • Pseudohermaphrodites • Sex chromosome disorders • Turner’s syndrome XO • Klinefelter’s syndrome XXY

  13. Atypical Prenatal Differentiation • Disorders affecting prenatal hormonal processes • Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) • Fetally androgenized females • DHT-deficient males

  14. Atypical Prenatal Differentiation

  15. Social Learning Influences on Gender Identity • Firm gender identity by age 3 • Mead study • Culture determines gender role • Long-term case studies by Money • Psychosexually neutral at birth • Follow-up of Money’s cases by Diamond • Another case often overlooked (Bradley) • Long-term problems with surgical reassignment

  16. The Interactional Model • Nature • Biological determinants • Nurture • Social learning and the environment • Acknowledge the interaction of both • Relative roles are still unclear

  17. Transsexualism and Transgenderism • Transexualism • Gender identity is opposite to biological sex • Transgendered • Appearance and/or behavior does not conform to traditional gender roles • Variations of transgendered behaviors • Intersexed people • Gender Identity vs. sexual orientation

  18. Transsexualism • Etiology • Options • Gender blending/cross-dressing • Psychotherapy • Sex reassignment • Outcomes

  19. Gender Roles • Gender-based stereotypes (North American) • Males • Independent and aggressive • Females • Dependent and submissive • Recent trend away from rigid stereotypes • Women less entrenched than men in rigid gender-role stereotypes • Ethnic variation in gender roles

  20. Gender RolesAgents of Socialization • Parental expectations • Peers • School teachers and textbooks • Television and gender-based stereotypes • Religious training

  21. Gender Role Expectations • Women undersexed, men oversexed • Men initiate, women receive • Women as controllers, men as movers • Men are unemotional and strong • Women are nurturing and supportive

  22. AndrogynyTranscending Gender Roles • Having characteristics of both sexes • Benefits • Drawbacks • May show more flexibility and comfort with sexuality

  23. Chapter 6Sexual Arousal and Response

  24. The Brain and Sexual Arousal • Cerebral cortex (mental events) • Reasoning, language, and imagination • Limbic system and sexual behavior • Hypothalamus • Neurotransmitters • Dopamine facilitates sexual arousal • Serotonin inhibits sexual arousal

  25. The Limbic System and Sexual Behavior

  26. The Senses and Sexual Arousal • All sensory systems can contribute to arousal • Touch is the dominant “sexual sense” • Primary erogenous zones • Secondary erogenous zones • Vision usually next in dominance • Visual stimuli • Men self-report higher arousal than women • Women and men have similar physiological responses

  27. Other Senses and Sexual Arousal • Smell may arouse or offend • Pheromones • Taste plays a minor role • Hearing plays a variable role

  28. Aphrodisiacs • Substances believed to arouse sexual desire or increase capacity for sexual activity • Food • Drugs and alcohol • Yohimbine • No clear evidence of genuine aphrodisiac qualities • Role of expectations

  29. Anaphrodisiacs • Inhibits sexual behavior • Drugs (e.g. opiates, tranquilizers) • Antihypertensives, antidepressants & antipsychotics • Birth control pills • Nicotine • Constricts blood flow • Possibly reduces circulating testosterone

  30. The Role of Hormones in Sexual Behavior • Steroid hormones • Androgens (including testosterone) • Produced by testes, adrenal glands, and ovaries • Estrogens • Produced by ovaries and testes • Women and men produce both types • Neuropeptide hormones • Oxytocin

  31. Sex Hormones in Male Sexual Behavior • Testosterone • Linked to sexual desire and genital sensitivity • Castration leads to reduced sexual desire • Antiandrogen drugs • Hypogonadism

  32. Sex Hormones in Female Sexual Behavior • Estrogens • Overall link between estrogen and female sexual behavior is unclear • Estrogen Therapy (ET) • Testosterone • Role as major libido hormone in females

  33. How Much Testosterone Is Necessary? • Two forms of testosterone (free and bound) • Free testosterone linked to libido • Although women have less free testosterone, their cells are more sensitive to it than men’s • Too much testosterone is linked to adverse effects • Testosterone levels decrease with age • Fairly rapid decrease for women at menopause; more gradual decline for men • Testosterone Replacement Therapy

  34. Oxytocin and Sexual Behavior • Secreted during cuddling and physical intimacy • Increased skin sensitivity • High levels associated with orgasmic release for women and men • For women, stimulates contractions of uterine wall during orgasm

  35. Sexual Response

  36. Sexual Response • Master’s and Johnson’s Four Phases • Excitement • Plateau • Orgasm • Resolution

  37. Sexual Response • Master’s and Johnson’s Four Phase Model • Phases of physiological responses • Two basic physiological processes • Vasocongestion • Myotonia

  38. Sexual Response Cycle

  39. Female Sexual Response

  40. Male Sexual Response

  41. Orgasm • Shortest phase of sexual response cycle • Men and women’s subjective descriptions of orgasm are similar • Most female orgasms result from stimulation of the clitoris • Grafenberg spot • Area on lower front wall of vagina • Sensitive to pressure • Sometimes results in “ejaculation”

  42. Sex Differences in Sexual Response • Greater variability in female response • Male refractory period • Women can experience multiple orgasms

  43. Aging & Sexual Response Cycle • Older women • Response cycle continues, but with decreased intensity • Excitement: • Vaginal lubrication begins more slowly, reduced amount • Plateau: • decreased vagina flexibility • Orgasm: • number of uterine contractions decrease • Resolution: • occurs more rapidly

  44. Aging and the Sexual Response Cycle • Older men • Response cycle continues, with changes in intensity and duration of response • Excitement: • lengthened time to erection • Plateau: • able to sustain plateau phase longer • Orgasm: • reduced muscular contractions and force of ejaculation • Resolution: • occurs more rapidly • refractory period lengthens

  45. Age-Related Changes in the Sexual Response Cycle

  46. Chapter 7Love and Communication in Intimate Relationships

  47. What Is Love? • Difficult to define and/or measure • Special attitude with behavioral and emotional components • Different things to different people • Difficult to measure

  48. Types of Love • Passionate Love • Also known as romantic love or infatuation • Intense psychological feelings • Generalized physiological arousal • Strong sexual desire • Avoid conflict • Feelings of completeness • Short-lived

  49. Types of Love • Companionate Love • Less intense than passionate love • Friendly affection and deep attachment • Familiarity and tolerance for short-comings • More enduring than passionate love

  50. Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love

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