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Industry and Manufacturing

Industry and Manufacturing. Chapter 11 (K.I. 3&4). Industry & Pollution. Industry contributes to Air, Water & Land pollution Direct relationship between a country’s per capita income increase & per capita carbon dioxide emissions increase Global Warming

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Industry and Manufacturing

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  1. Industry and Manufacturing Chapter 11 (K.I. 3&4)

  2. Industry & Pollution • Industry contributes to Air, Water & Land pollution • Direct relationship between a country’s per capita income increase & per capita carbon dioxide emissions increase • Global Warming • Ave. temp increase by 1°C since 1880 • Believed to be the result of human action (esp. burning of fossil fuels in factories & industries) • Ozone Damage • Threatened by CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) ex. Freon • World agreement to cease using • Replacing with HFCs (Hydro Fluoro compounds)

  3. The Bihar Steel Mill in India produces high quality steel at a low price-the down side-low pay, few environmental restrictions=pollution. India’s service sector is also growing very rapidly. The Delhi Call Center at right is typical of the the outsourcing done by many Western firms. India has millions of low paid blue-collar workers and millions of white collar, high tech. workers South Asia-India

  4. Ecological Disaster • Eastern Europe has some of the worst ecological disasters in history. • High levels of Sulfurous Oxide released from industrial centers have led to regions of dangerously high levels of Acid rain and pollution

  5. The Black Triangle • Region in Eastern Europe of severe environmental damage due to over-industrialization • pH measurements have been as low as 2.4 in this region (normal rain is 5.5) • By product of the massive amount of industrialization byproduct released from industry within Germany.

  6. Black Triangle

  7. How has Industrial Production Changed? Fordist – dominant mode of mass production during the twentieth century, production of consumer goods at a single site. Post-Fordist – current mode of production with a more flexible set of production practices in which goods are not mass produced. Production is accelerated and dispersed around the globe by multinational companies that shift production, outsourcing it around the world.

  8. Time-Space Compression Through improvements in transportation and communications technologies, many places in the world are more connected than ever before.

  9. Time-Space Compression • Just-in-time delivery rather than keeping a large inventory of components or products, companies keep just what they need for short-term production and new parts are shipped quickly when needed. Global division of labor corporations can draw from labor around the globe for different components of production.

  10. New Influences on the Geography of Manufacturing • Transportation-intermodal connections where air, rail, truck, ship and barge connect-eases flow of goods-e.g. container shipping • Regional and global trade agreements-WTO, Benelux, European Union, NAFTA, MERCOSUR, SAFTA, CARICOM, ANDEAN AFTA, COMESA, etc. goal to ease flow of goods by eliminating trade tariffs or quotas • Energy-coal was replaced by natural gas & oil after WW II-transported by pipeline or tanker

  11. Where are the Major Industrial Belts in the World Today and Why? Idle steel mill in Pennsylvania, part of the American Rust Belt

  12. Deindustrialization – a process by which companies move industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper labor, leaving the newly deindustrialized region to switch to a service economy and work through a period of high unemployment. Abandoned street in Liverpool, England, where the population has decreased by one-third since deindustrialization

  13. Newly Industrialized China – major industrial growth after 1950-Soviet planners helped from 1949 to 1964 Industrialization in the last half of 20th cent. was state-owned and planned: focus on: Northeast district-Dongbei Shanghai and Chang district Today, industrialization is spurred by companies that move production (not the whole company) to take advantage of Chinese labor and special economic zones (SEZs). Rapid growth on the Pacific Rim

  14. As China’s economy continues to grow, old neighborhoods (right) are destroyed to make room for new buildings (below). Beijing, China

  15. What is the Service Economy, and Where are Services Concentrated? • Service economy is activity associated with provided services such as transportation, banking, retailing, education and office-based jobs. • New Influences on Location-less tied to energy sources, information technologies don’t need to be close to market-some personal services do need to be near market

  16. Geographical Dimensions of the Service Economy New Influences on Location: - Information technologies - Less tied to energy sources - Market accessibility is more relevant for some and less relevant for others because of telecommunications - Presence of Multinational Corporations

  17. Wal-Mart Requires producers of goods to locate offices in the Bentonville, Arkansas (Wal-Mart’s headquarters) area in order to negotiate deals with Wal-Mart. Proctor & Gamble put their office in nearby Fayetteville, Arkansas.

  18. Nike-Headquartered in Beaverton, Oregon, Nike has never produced a shoe in Oregon. Beginning in the 1960s, Nike contracted with an Asian firm to produce its shoes. Skopje, Macedonia-The swoosh is ubiquitous, but where is the shoe produced? Nike has a global network of international manufacturing and sales.

  19. Modern Production Outsourcing – moving individual steps in the production process (of a good or a service) to a supplier, who focuses their production and offers a cost savings. Offshore – Outsourced work that is located outside of the country.

  20. High-Technology Corridors • An area designated by local or state government to benefit from lower taxes and high-technology infrastructure with the goal of providing high-technology jobs to the local population. eg. Silicon Valley, California • Technopole – an area planned for high technology where agglomeration built on a synergy among technological companies occurs. eg. Route 128 corridor in Boston

  21. Electronic Computer Industry • Computers and computer parts manufacturing requires a highly-skilled labor force. • It is concentrated in the Northeast, South and West Coast in areas where universities and research facilities are located.

  22. Call Center in New Delhi, India-computer manufacturer for US & UK

  23. Maquiladora in Nuevo Laredo, Mexico repairs telephones for AT&T

  24. Motor Vehicle Parts Plants • American owned parts plants are clustered near the final assembly plants in the Rust Belt. • Foreign-owned plants tend to be located further south, where labor unions are weaker, wages, taxes and regulations are lower.

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