Freedom of the Press

1. Freedom of the Press By: Jackie Link Lindsey Pryce Julie Huynh Diana Jasser Abbey Lovat Kirstie Racinski

2. "The basis of our government being the opinion of the people, the very first object should be to keep that right; and were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers, or newspapers without a government, I should not hesitate for a moment to prefer the latter.“- Thomas Jefferson

3. What is Freedom of the Press?

4. What is Freedom of the Press? • It is the liberty to print or disseminate information, by printing, broadcasting, or through electronic media, without prior restraints such as licensing requirements or content review and without subsequent punishment for what is said as well. • The press is a very broad term that includes newspapers, television, radio, books, lectures, movies, art, dance, telephone, cassettes, CDs, video discs, magazines, electronic bulletin boards, computer networks, billboards, and video tapes. • Peter McWilliams, author of mcwilliams.com website, states: • “We rely on it, depend on its accuracy, and, if it turns out to be inaccurate, we expect another news organization to expose the expos. Freedom of the press is a fundamental right, up there with freedom of speech and freedom of and from religion. A free press is not a luxury; it's a necessity.” • Press is now called “Media” • limited by the government and churches

5. Historically, restriction of the press has occurred in these two ways: • censorship or mandatory licensing by the government in advance of publication • punishment for printed material, especially that considered by the government to be seditious libel

6. Freedom of the Press in England John Milton, in his Areopagitica (1644), attacked the licensing law in England and told Parliament to suppress offensive publications after their appearance if necessary. His objections eventually became a cornerstone of the Freedom of the Press but it was not until 1695 that the licensing and censorship laws were abolished.

7. Freedom of the Press in America The Trial of John Peter Zenger against libel charges in 1735 was the foundation of the Freedom of Press in the U.S. He published a newspaper that opposed the tedious policies of governor William Cosby. In successfully defending Zenger, his lawyer, Andrew Hamilton established the precedent that a statement, even if insulting, is not libelous if it is proved, affirming freedom of the press in America.

8. Continued • After the American Revolution, many states presented freedom of the press • the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution said that Congress will not make any laws diminishing the freedom of the press, etc. • In reaction to the Sedition Act (1798), a more tolerant version of the First Amendment became dominant, which saw it as rejecting seditious libel as a crime. • The First Amendment was later applied to all the states by judicial interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868.

9. The Development of the Freedom of the Press • Samuel Adams, a radical journalist, roused the people by using the colonial press to resist the Stamp Act which eventually was repealed.

10. The Development of the Freedom of the Press (cont…) • The American Revolution produced many historic newspapermen. • Even though the Constitution contained a clause for freedom of the press in the Bill of Rights, the government still set many controls on the press and quieted the opinions of most early journalists. • The Supreme Court’s position on First Amendment freedoms was to suspend free speech and press if the expressions constituted a “reasonable tendency” to endanger society. • This was the beginning of press freedom in America, the evolution of the “Fourth Estate”

11. Power of the Press • The many different types of Press • “Watchdogs” • What the press can and cannot do: • Examples of when then power of the press was questioned: • The Hazelwood Case

12. Hazelwood vs. Kulmeir

13. Senior editor of the Hazelwood school newspaper at the time of controversy.

15. These Supreme Court justices voted with the majority saying no First Amendment rights had been violated. (From left to right, they are Rehnquist, White, Stevens, O’Connor, and Scalia.)

16. These Supreme Court justices believed First Amendment rights of the students had been violated. (From Left to right they are Brennan, Marshall, and Blackmun.)

17. Pros of the Freedom of the Press • The news and media can alert the public about government actions without them knowing. Also, the people have a right to know what is going on in the world and the media's job is to inform them and no democratic process can occur without access to proper information. The most important things the press can report on is information going on with the president, such as corruption, incompetence, or general social problems.

18. Cons of the Freedom of the Press • Yellow journalism • Freedom and privacy concerning public figures. • False information can be published concerning public figures and public matters.

19. Who Does Freedom of the Press Affect?? • Everyone everyday • journalists

20. How Freedom of the Press affects people worldwide.

21. Recent Cases Concerning Freedom of the Press • A recent case happened on August 3, 2008 when a National Press Club protests jailing a New York Times Reporter, Barry Bearak who was covering the presidential election in Zimbabwe.

22. THE PENTAGON PAPERS CASE

23. The man who exposed Nixon, Daniel Ellsberg.

25. This dramatic true-life account follows Daniel Ellsberg, the Harvard graduate and ex-Marine who disclosed information from the Pentagon Papers in 1971, exposing secrets about the U.S. involvement in Vietnam that contributed to Richard Nixon's resignation from the presidency.

26. Hilary Clinton

27. Ethics in Journalism • Defamation-to harm someone’s reputation • Two main types: libel (written) and slander (verbal) • Libel is what journalists are sued for.

28. Libel is. . . • The publication of a false statement of fact that seriously harms someone’s reputation. • In order to successfully sue for libel, you must first prove the journalist acted with malice. Then, you must prove 5 other thing.

29. “Without freedom of thought, there can be no wisdom and no freedom of the people without freedom of opinion and it is the right of every man until it does not affect the freedom of others.”