Richard L. Smailes, Ph.D.

1. Richard L. Smailes, Ph.D. Building Chan Chan; The Construction Managers’ Perspective University of Florida

2. Bachelor of Building Construction, UF 1976 • Master of Building Construction, UF 1977 • 25 years construction industry experience • Ph.D. Building Construction, UF 2000 Mike Mosely co-chair Practitioner turned academic

3. Building Chan Chan; • The Construction Managers’ Perspective • What is the labor investment? • How many people? • How long?

4. Premis: • The labor investment in ancient monumental architecture is an important factor in hypotheses concerning a society's size, organization, and complexity.

5. Premis: • The labor investment in ancient monumental architecture is an important factor in hypotheses concerning a society's size, organization, and complexity. • Due to the lack of practical analytical methods, complex architecture is often described subjectively offering little quantitative value, resulting in inferences that could be misleading or wrong. Massive amounts of labor, generations to build

6. Premis: • The labor investment in ancient monumental architecture is an important factor in hypotheses concerning a society's size, organization, and complexity. • Due to the lack of practical analytical methods, complex architecture is often described subjectively offering little quantitative value, resulting in inferences that could be misleading or wrong. • The application of construction industry estimating and scheduling standards provides a consistent, accurate, and objective means to calculate the labor investment in complex structures.

7. Ciudadela Rivero

8. Ciudadela Rivero

9. Construction Methodology • Define the Scope of Work • Perform the Quantity Survey • Determine Productivity - Unit Rates • Calculate the Project Estimate • Develop a Work Plan - Schedule the Project

10. Scope of Work • Define exactly what is to be built • Usually provided by plans and specifications. • In the case of Chan Chan, the ruins are the “as-builts”.

11. Scope of Work - Work Breakdown Structure

12. Typical Storeroom Complex at Rivero

13. Storeroom Complex in Model

14. Individual Storeroom

15. Scope of Work – Work Breakdown Structure

16. Quantity Survey • Calculate the amount/quantity of each piece of work • Usually measured from the plans and specifications. • In the case of Chan Chan, perform field measurements.

17. Detailed Quantity Survey of a Storeroom

18. Quantity survey of a storeroom

19. Quantity Survey

20. Productivity - Unit Rates • Calculate the rate of production for each type of work. • Determined by construction techniques • Usually considered proprietary information by construction companies. • Published rates, experiments.

21. Sources of Productivity - Unit Rates • Hand excavation: Field experiment* & contemporary rates • Making adobes: Informants, contemporary rates • Transporting adobes: Field & UN experiments* • Erecting adobes: Practitioner, contemporary rates • Tapia walls: Contemporary rates* • Plastering: Contemporary rates • Harvesting cana: UN studies* • Fab & erect roof: Conceptual estimate * Rates based on data from underdeveloped countries.

22. Construction Techniques Informant making adobes in the Moche Valley

23. Construction Techniques Small adobes Small adobes Intermediate adobes Large adobes

24. Construction Techniques Using story poles for horizontal alignment and speed leads for vertical alignment.

25. Construction Techniques Story pole Tapia Blocks

26. Construction Techniques Rammed earth construction

27. Construction Techniques Direct molding construction

28. Productivity Rates

29. Recap of Productivity Rates

30. Project Estimate Correlate quantities to productivity rates to calculate the estimated labor hours.

31. Project Estimate

32. Project Estimate 2.1 million labor hours

33. Work Plan - Scheduling • Establish Logical Sequences of Work • Determine Crew Sizes & Durations • Calculate Project Schedule

34. Logical Sequencing of Work • Factors Effecting Logical Sequences of Work • Laws of Nature • Constructability Issues / Curing Time • Logistics / Room to Work • Common Sense • Owner Requirements

35. Logical Sequencing of Work – Micro

36. Logical Sequencing of Work – Macro This wall came first This wall abuts the first wall

37. Logical Sequencing of Work – Macro

38. Scheduling – Crew Sizes and Durations

39. Calculate the Schedule - Macro Results: 250 Workerscould have built it in 5 ½ Years

40. Effects on Archaeological Theories

41. Split Inheritance aka 1 King 1 Compound • The compounds of Chan Chan were the palaces of the kings. • Each ruler built one such structure to house himself, be the seat of government, and serve as the center for the management of his wealth.

42. Split Inheritance aka 1 King 1 Compound • .. the palace passed to the king's corporation of secondary heirs after his death. • His principal heir became the next king of Chimor and built a new palace.

43. Split Inheritance aka 1 King 1 Compound • If true, the construction time must be rapid and well within the lifetime of the new king.

44. Split Inheritance aka 1 King 1 Compound Based upon the data from Rivero, the construction effort and time was estimated for the remaining compounds. The largest compound, Gran Chimu, is buildable in 9 years.

45. Dual Rule • Rather than sequentially, the last four ciudadelas were built concurrently as pairs. • That, “rapid construction of the last four ciudadelas is compatible with the rise and formulation of quadripartition”

46. Dual Rule Velarde Bandelier 8.3 years

47. Dual Rule Tschudi Rivero 8.5 years

48. Dual Rule Velarde Bandelier Tschudi Rivero 8.5 years

49. Dual Rule Velarde Tschudi Bandelier Rivero 16.8 years

50. The Workforce 250 - 1100 • Could easily come from the local population of 30,000 without any major shifts in the local economy. • The decision to use imported workers from outlying areas would have been by choice not necessity. No need to feed or house workers from the provinces. • Production could be year ‘round.