Chapter Ten

1. Chapter Ten Latin America

2. Contrasts Amid a Common History • Geographic Contrasts • Geographic Conflicts

3. Regional Cultural History • Pre-European Peoples • The Lasting Influence of the Maya, Aztec, and Inca • Maya • City-states • Tenochtitlán • Incas • Quechua

4. Regional Cultural History (cont’d) • Spanish Colonization • Treaty of Tordesillas • Spanish Control • Encomienda • Haciendas • Peninsulares • Criollos • Mestizos

5. Regional Cultural History (cont’d) • Portuguese Colonization • Other European Colonies • Independence • Independence from Spain • Brazilian Independence • Economic Colonialism • Continuing External Influences • Import Substitution

6. Natural Environment • Tropical and Southern Hemisphere Climates • Middle America and the Caribbean Basin • Northern South America • El Niño • Southern South America

7. Natural Environment (cont’d) • High Mountains and Island Chains • Insular and Mainland Middle America • High-altitude plateau lands • Eastern and western Sierra Madres • Tehuántepec • Yucatán Peninsula • Andes Mountains • Altiplano

8. Natural Environment (cont’d) • Broad Plateaus • Brazilian Highlands • Guiana Highlands • Major River Basins • Orinoco River • Amazon River • Paraná-Paraguay River system

9. Natural Environment (cont’d) • Natural Vegetation • Altitudinal zonation • Tierra caliente • Tierra templada • Tierra fría • Tierra helada • Natural Resources

10. Natural Environment (cont’d) • Environmental Problems • Soil Erosion • Air and Water Pollution • Temperature inversions

11. Conserve Tropical Rain Forest Resources Tropical rain forest (TRF) resources provide a sink for carbon dioxide. Burning TRF vegetation adds carbon dioxide to the Earth’s atmosphere. TRF areas are a source of oxygen in the lowest level of the Earth’s atmosphere, where humans live and breathe. Use Tropical Rain Forest Resources There is incomplete carbon dioxide data for the Earth’s atmosphere. Large portions of the Earth’s surface are unreported. Ocean exchanges with the lowest levels of the Earth’s atmosphere are more significant than TRF exchanges. Point-Counterpoint: Tropical Forests and Deforestation

12. Conserve Tropical Rain Forest Resources There is a tremendous biodiversity in the plant life present in TRF ecosystems. Use Tropical Rain Forest Resources There is no conclusive evidence that TRF clearing will permanently change the biodiversity of the Earth as a whole. Point-Counterpoint (cont’d)

13. Many medical treatments are derived from TRF products, including current treatments and potential cures come for cancer patients. Destruction may eliminate many undiscovered cures and treatments. TRF-derived pharmaceuticals earn billions internationally each year. Medical treatments come from many sources. Many treatments and cures may be synthetically generated in laboratories and do not need naturally growing species from TRF. Point-Counterpoint (cont’d) Conserve TRF Resources Use TRF Resources

14. Governments permit the rapid clearing of TRF resources and sell them internationally, claiming rights to destroy domestic resources that impact the entire Earth. Yet, the same governments may be corrupt and waste other resources and spend their cash foolishly. Debt-ridden and impoverished countries need to have the right to use their natural resources for their own best interest. The wealthier countries of the world obtained high material living standards by depleting much of their own and others’ resources as they grew. Now those countries want to hold countries with TFR resource wealth back. Point-Counterpoint (cont’d) Conserve TRF Resources Use TRF Resources

15. Indigenous tribes and local people are displaced by TRF clearing. In some cases, bloody conflicts ensure while government officials turn a blind eye. Growing countries need to push their frontiers and develop their resources. “Productive” members of society have a right to use land in a manner that will benefit them and their country. Point-Counterpoint (cont’d) Conserve TRF Resources Use TRF Resources

16. TRF resources provide an in-creasing tourism revenue potential. During the 1990s, travel to natural areas of the tropics was one of the fastest-growing components of the global travel industry (which is the world’s largest industry). Although some governments assert their ability to balance resource clearing for export sales and development goals with conservation for tourism growth, few have shown a true commitment to achieving such a balance. Governments have the right to determine how they will earn revenue from their resources. Governments of TRF resource-wealthy countries assert their ability to balance resource depletion and extraction with conservation and replenishment. Point-Counterpoint (cont’d) Conserve TRF Resources Use TRF Resources

17. TRFs provide a natural habitat for species found only in this biome. Removing the TRF would eliminate habitat and cause permanent loss to global species diversity. Loss of species could alter the ecological balance of the Earth. A good source of income in a debt-ridden country with a large materially poor segment in its population is far more important than the conservation of a bird or a tree. Point-Counterpoint (cont’d) Conserve TRF Resources Use TRF Resources

18. World Roles • The United States and Latin America • Monroe Doctrine • Financial Dependence • Political Change and the Global Economy • Protectionism • Global Cities • Regional Links

19. The Subregions • Latin American Population Distribution Patterns in the Subregions • The Mexican population is concentrated in the central region. • In Central America, the main concentrations of people are in and around the largest cities. • In the northern Andes, population distribution reflects the Spanish pattern of colonial settlement.

20. The Subregions (cont’d) • Latin American Population Distribution Patterns in the Subregions (cont’d) • Brazil’s population is distributed according to historical and contemporary regional development goals. • The main population centers in Southern South America are around the Río de la Plata and in central Chile.

21. Mexico • Ejidos • Ejiditarios • PRI (Partido Revolucionario Institucional) • PAN (Partido de Acción Nacional) • Zapatistas • Revolutionary tourists

22. Mexico (cont’d) • Regions of Mexico • People • Mexico City • Economic Development and the Human Landscape • Maquiladora

23. Central America • Isthmus • “Banana Republics” • Countries • People • Economic Development

24. The Caribbean Basin and Environs • Countries • People • Population Dynamics • Migrations in the 1900s

25. The Caribbean Basinand Environs (cont’d) • Economic Legacy of the Colonial Past • Colonial Farming Heritage • Economic Strategies Following Independence • The Challenge of Economic Cooperation • Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM) • Association of Caribbean States • Tourism • Economic leakage • Island and Country Specialties

26. Northern Andes • Countries • People • Dynamic Growth • Urban Growth • Ethnic Contrasts

27. Northern Andes (cont’d) • Economic Development • Andean Common Market • Export-Led Underdevelopment • Patterns of Economic Diversification • The Northern Andes and the International Drug Trade

28. Brazil • Regions of Brazil • People • Population Dynamics • Increasing Urbanization • Favelas • Brazilian Cities • Ethnic Variety

29. Brazil (cont’d) • Economic Development • Varied Economic History • Modern Mining • Farming Today • Manufacturing Expansion • Free trade zone • Amazon Backwater • FUNAI (Fundação Nacional do Indio) • Indebtness and New Policies • Hyperinflation

30. Southern South America • Countries • People • Relatively slow growth • Highly urbanized • Primate cities • European immigration

31. Southern South America (cont’d) • Economic Development • Paraguay • Colonial Legacy • Growing Engagement with World Economy • Economic Isolation • Chile • Uruguay • Argentina • Buenos Aires, Argentina