U.S. Acquisitions and Interventions in Mexican Territory

1. U.S. Acquisitions and Interventions in Mexican Territory Attempts by the United States to Buy Parts of Mexican Territory

2. Louisiana Purchase European Disputation and the Louisiana Controversy 1803

3. Precursors Treaty of Paris -Marked the end of the Spanish-French rivalry in 1763 -Allowed Spain to acquire Louisiana and move its eastern boundary to the Mississippi River -However, England stepped in threatening Spanish territory Effects: • A competition for Indian trade and territorial control between Spaniards , British, and British Americans • Gradual effective recession of the Spanish frontier

4. Louisiana Purchase In 1800 Charles IV of Spain ceded Louisiana to Napoleon Bonaparte. Napoleon Bonaparte Charles IV of Spain Three years later, Napoleon sold Louisiana to the United States. President Thomas Jefferson

5. Louisiana Purchase

6. The Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 Negotiated by John Quincy Adams, the Secretary of State under U.S. President James Monroe, and the Spanish foreign minister Luis de Onis. The treaty settled a border dispute in North America between the United States and Spain. In addition to granting Florida to the United States, it settled a boundary dispute along the Sabine River in Texas and established the boundary of U.S. territory and claims through the Rocky Mountains and west to the Pacific Ocean.

7. The Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 In the provisions, the United States ceded to Spain its claims to Texas west of the Sabine River. Spain retained possession not only of Texas, but also California and the vast region of New Mexico. At the time, these two territories included all of present-day California and New Mexico along with modern Nevada, Utah, Arizona and sections of Wyoming and Colorado. The treaty also mandated that Spain relinquish its claims to the country of Oregon north of the 42 degrees parallel (the northern border of California).

9. The Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 For the United States, this treaty meant that its claimed territory new extended far west from the Mississippi, all the way to the Pacific Ocean. Adams foresaw that Oregon would allow trade with the Orient and economic powers in the Pacific. For Spain, it meant that it kept its colonies in Texas and also kept a buffer zone between its colonies in California and New Mexico and the U.S. Territories.

10. Manifest Destiny Manifest Destiny in a Nutshell Imperialistic 19th century view that America was destined to expand across the North American continent. Term used by politicians in the 1840’s Three Themes -Virtue -Mission -Destiny

11. Reasons for a desire of expansion Population of the original 13 colonies grew (high birth rate and immigration) The unexplored land was seen as: Potential income Wealth Self-sufficiency freedom Facts about the expansion It’s estimated that nearly 4,000,000 Americans moved to western territories between 1820-1850. U.S. had suffered two economic depressions and this caused people to seek frontier land where in some cases were free.

12. While Manifest Destiny was prominent for Americans . . . Mexico . . . Had recently gained independence from Spain in 1821 and struggled economic burdens Gained much Northern territory from Spain Due to internal struggle politically and economically, colonization of this area was weak Poor colonization of the Northern Frontier Warfare with Native Americans discouraged Mexicans from settling toward the North No military system for support

13. Causation for American Expansionism into Mexico In 1836, Republic of Texas declared independence from Mexico James K. Polk won the election for President and he favored annexation. Polk also favored a greater expansionism of territory of Mexico Polk tried to occupy an area of Texas that was also claimed by Mexico which lead to Mexican American War (1846-1848)

14. Manifest Destiny and the War America was successful on the battlefront led to the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe -Hidalgo

15. The Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo February 2nd, 1848

16. Precursors Mexican American War (1846-1848) -United States Annexation of Texas-1845 -Border Dispute -Manifest Destiny: Southern U.S. Citizens Effects: -Increased tension between the two nations -Mexico considered the war a “matter of national pride”

17. TheTreaty Background: Ended the Mexican-American War Largely dictated by the U.S. Terms: Mexico ceded 525,000 square miles to the U.S. for $15 million Ensured the safety of property rights for Mexican citizens in the ceded territories The U.S. assumed Mexico’s debt owed to American citizens, totaling $3.25 million

18. Filibustering Def: Filibustering is an illegal attack on peaceful neighboring countries with the goal of expansion • Could U.S. Prevent Filibustering Attempts? • Historian J. Fred Rippy • Claims U.S. could not stop filibustering attempts • Problem: Suspects were apprehended after the crime was committed • -No way to stop them before the act • Public Sympathy in Court • -Manifest Destiny

19. William Shaler and Augusts W. Magee • Attempt to take Texas • Bernardo Gutierrez de Lara • Aided Mexico to achieve independence from Spain • Sought both Mexican and American help • Magee Answers call • Resigns as colonel of American army • Takes over San Antonio • William Shaler • Replaces Gutierrez as leader • Failed attempt to take Texas for U.S. • Thwarted by Spanish

20. William Walker • October 15, 1853 • Expedition on Baja California and Sonora • 45 Men • La Paz, Baja California • Declared it capital of new “Republic of Lower California” • President • Lack of Supplies and strong Mexican resistance forced retreat • Put on trial in California for violating neutrality laws • Jury Acquit him • Manifest Destiny • U.S. accused of violating neutrality

21. Gadsden Purchase1853

22. James Gadsden US minister James Gadsden was instructed to finalize Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, restore commercial, and establish transit rights through the Isthmus of Tehuantepec Gadsden was looking for the border to start at the Gulf of Mexico and extend to the Pacific To achieve this finalized border Gadsden proposed that the border would follow natural separations including mountain and deserts, but in order for this to happen Mexico would have to sell at least two more of its frontier states

23. Gadsden TreatyDecember 1853 1st Draft 15 million paid to Mexico for Mesilla Strip U.S. assumption of U.S. claims against Mexico Abolishment of Article XI (bound U.S. to stop Indian raids in Mexico) of Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo U.S. navigation rights in Gulf of California and Colorago and Brazo Rivers Mutual cooperation to suppress filibusters Final Terms (US Senate-imposed terms) 10 million for ceded land Removal of clause concerning U.S. assumption of claims against Mexico Removal of provision that bound the U.S. to cooperate in suppressing filibustering

24. The Mexican Revolution

25. What was the Mexican Revolution? Began in 1910 and occurred as a result of Porfirio Diaz’s dictatorship Mexican citizens were given no power or freedom and wealth was only obtained by a few Francisco Madero revolted after re-election of Diaz Mexican Constitution of 1917 and National Revolution Party were created out of the revolution

26. Porfirio Diaz Ruled Mexico from 1876-1910 Diaz’s rule was characterized by industrialization as well as modernization Under his rule, Mexican economy improved greatly Diaz controlled most everything in the domestic, economic and political sectors, including future elections until Madero’s revolt against his re-election in 1910. Porfirio Diaz

27. Francisco I. Madero Madero was jailed during the 1910 election to ensure Diaz’s election Madero wrote a letter while jailed calling for revolt against the Diaz regime Madero’s armies defeated Diaz and forced him to sign the Treaty of Ciudad Juarez Treaty forced Diaz out of office and established Madero as ruler in 1911 Madero lost favor with the Mexican people as he was viewed as a weak leader. Madero resigned in 1913 and was assassinated one week later along with his vice president.

28. Pancho Villa • Pancho Villa was one of the main leaders of the Mexican Revolution • Villa ended up in jail and almost executed because he found a horse and decided to keep it for himself; however, Villa escaped the jail and left for America • After Madero was assassinated, Villa came back to Mexico to fight off Victoriano Huerta’s dictatorship • Villa and his army fought in the Battle of Celaya which was considered the bloodiest of the revolution • Alvaro Obregon defeated Villa and his army • Eventually Villa went to America in order to receive help from American soldiers; however, once again Villa was defeated in his attack on Columbus, New Mexico • America soon saw Villa as a rebel and America tried to capture him • Although America failed to capture Villa, he was eventually assassinated after he signed a peace treaty with Obregon

29. United States Involvement Not initially involved U.S. President William Taft wanted to keep Diaz in power to keep their already established business relations (oil industry) Word spread of Francisco Madero’s ascent to power

30. US Involvement (con’t.) As a result, US ambassador to Mexico, Henry Lane Wilson, planned a 1913 coup which overthrew Madero. This lead to the installation of Victoriano Huerta. However, the new president of the US, Woodrow Wilson, did not approve of this coup and thus prioritized destabilizing the Huerta regime Victoriano Huerta

31. US Involvement (con’t) A series of events amplified tensions between the US and Mexico 1914: (Tampico Affair) Mexican officials arrested US sailors, leading to the US navy’s attack on the port of Veracruz, and the occupation of it for 7 months. 1916: Pancho Villa crossed the US border to New Mexico and kills 17 men, burns army barracks, and robs stores 1917: The Zimmerman Telegram

32. Expansion Tensions between US and Mexico Manifest Destiny Territorial acquisitions by the US