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Introduction to Earth Science

Introduction to Earth Science. Chapter I Holt. Identify:. Shannon Lucid El Caracol “Science On a Sphere” Volcanologists Yucatan peninsula Iridium layer. What is Earth Science?. Branches of Earth Science Geology: study of Earth’s surface and interior

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Introduction to Earth Science

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  1. Introduction to Earth Science Chapter I Holt

  2. Identify: • Shannon Lucid • El Caracol • “Science On a Sphere” • Volcanologists • Yucatan peninsula • Iridium layer

  3. What is Earth Science? Branches of Earth Science • Geology: study of Earth’s surface and interior • Astronomy: study of the universe • Meteorology: study of earth’s atmosphere • Oceanography: study of oceans • Hydrology—study of fresh water

  4. Geologist: scientist who study… • origin, history, and structure of Earth • processes which shape the surface • discover new sources of oil, uranium, and geothermal energy • plan water supply systems • devise measure for flood control • make maps • try to predict earthquakes and volcanoes

  5. Astronomers: scientist who study: • universes beyond Earth with telescopes • space, moons, planets, stars, comets, and asteroid

  6. Meteorologists: scientists who study: • weather patterns • effects of solar energy in changing weather • hurricane control, thunderstorms, and tornadoes

  7. Oceanographers: scientist who study: • ocean depths and map the ocean floor • study rocks under the ocean • track and map ocean currents

  8. Earth Science Earth Science: study of the “E” and the universe around it Chinese were earliest to make observations & keep a record of EQ Rocks and minerals were cataloged by the Greeks around 200 BC

  9. Scientific Method • Scientific method---a strategy for solving problems • 1) state the problem • 2) state a hypothesis • 3) research and experiment • 4) collect and organize data • 5) form a conclusion based on data

  10. Scientific Method • Parts of experiment: • A) control---a standard for comparison • B) experimental group---group which will be testing the variable • Everything in the experiments should be the same except the one variable being tested

  11. Scientific Method • Variable—a changeable factor • A) independent variable—(x-axis) factor which can be changed and manipulated • B) dependent variable—(y-axis) factor which changes due to the independent variable

  12. Science measurement • Accuracy--- refers to how close a measurement is to the true value • Precision—refers to how close the measurements are to each other • Ex: 96.8 F, 96.7F, 96.75 • If the accepted value for body temp is 98.6F, are these : accurate, precise, both or neither? • Page 12 figure 4 ( dart board)

  13. Science • Model: description or representation of an object, system or concept • globe, maps, model of atom, etc

  14. Impact of Science • Scientific ideas are presented for “peer review” ( experts in the field review the data) before publication.

  15. Impact of Science Some theories impact society:— • Theory of evolution • Plate tectonic theory • Theory of dinosaur extinction

  16. Main Earth Systems • Main Earth Systems: • A)Lithosphere— • 1) rigid outer shell • 2) crust and solid mantle • 3) continental crust---granite • 4) ocean crust---basalt • Asthenosphere—plastic-like part of mantle ----not part of the lithosphere

  17. Main Earth systems • B) Hydrosphere • All the H2O on the “E” • 97% salt H2O • 3% fresh H2O • only 1% fresh H2O is available • most of it is in icebergs and snow caps

  18. Main Earth Systems • C) Atmosphere • Blanket of gas around the earth • Necessary for respiration • Protects from UV • Regulates temperature

  19. Main Earth Systems • D) Biosphere • Organisms on Earth and the environment in which we live

  20. Sub-Specialties of Earth Science • 1) Climatology---weather patterns over time • 2) Paleontology---studies remains of organisms and ancient environments • 3) Hydrology—study of fresh water • 4) Ecology—how organisms interact with the environment • 5) Geochemistry—composition and processes that change the Earth

  21. Vocab • Technology---application of scientific discoveries such as: nylon, computer, calculators, goggles, freeze dried foods Law—a fact that describes the behavior of nature

  22. Le Systeme International • The Metric system • Length • Kilometer • Meter • Centimeter • Millimeter • Km>m>cm>mm

  23. Metric system • Mass Units • Kilogram • Gram • Milligram • Kg>g>mg

  24. Metric System • Volume • Liter • Milliliter • Cubic centimeter • L>ml=cm3

  25. Scientific Measurement • International system of units: (SI)—metric system • 1000 M = 1 km • 1000 g = 1 kg • 1000 ml = 1 L • 1000cm3 = 1 L

  26. Measurement • Mass---quantity of matter present---constant throughout the universe • Weight—measurement of the gravitational pull---gets smaller as the distance to the center of Earth increases • Newton—unit used to measure weight

  27. Measurement • Temperature: • Celsius ( C) • 1000C water boils • 00C water freezes • Kelvin = C + 273

  28. Measurement • Density = Mass / volume • Volume of an irregular object may be measured by water displacement

  29. To do • Page 8 # 1-5 and 8 • Page 12 quick lab Sample size/Accuracy • Page 16 2,3,5,12 • End of chapter 1 • Pp18-19 #1-18,30,32,33 • Pp 20-21 (1-5,8,9,11)

  30. Resources for chapter 1 • Concept Review • Directed Reading p 7-11 • Directed Reading 8-19 • Graphing Skills 22,23 • Chapter test A and B

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