環境倫理學

1. 環境倫理學 鄭先祐 (Ayo) 教授 國立臺南大學 環境 與生態學院生態科學與技術學系

2. 環境倫理學 • T00. 簡介：環境倫理與哲學 • Part I 倫理與科學 • T01. 道德哲學(moral philosophy)：理性與感性 • T02. 道德考量(moral consideration)：倫理與科學 • T03. 倫理與經濟：公有財 (The Common Good) • Part II 倫理推定(presumptions)的建構與驗證 • T04. 責任 (duty)：自然和未來世代 • T05. 品性 (character)：生態美德 • T06. 關係 (relationships)：同理心與正直 • T07. 權利 (rights)：人類與動物 • T08. 後果 (consequences)：預測未來 Ayo Env. Ethics 2011

3. 環境倫理學 • Part III 自然學習 (Learning from Nature) • T09. 生活：可持續消費 • T10. 環境政策：政府、機構和NGOs • T11. 健康環境：空氣與水 • T12. 農業：土地與食物 • T13. 公有地：適應式管理 • T14. 城鄉生態學：綠色建構 • T15. 氣候變遷：全球溫化 Ayo Env. Ethics 2011

4. Part III Learning from Nature T10. 環境政策：政府、公司和NGOs 鄭先祐 (Ayo) 教授 國立臺南大學 環境 與生態學院生態科學與技術學系

5. T10. 環境政策：政府、公司和NGOs • 政府：國際和美國政策 • 公司：moral leadership • NGOs：advocacy and action(倡議與行動) • Collaborative strategies(合作策略): GLWQA and the Apollo alliance Ayo Env. Ethics 2011

6. 1. 政府：國際政策 • UNconference on the Human Environment (Stockholm Declaration, 1972) • UN Environment Programme (UNEP, 1972) • International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR, in force 1976) • International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR, in fore 1976) • Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (1985) • UN World Commission on Environment and Development (Brundtland Report, 1987) • Montrel Protocol on Substances that deplete the Ozone layer (added to the Vienna Convention, 1991) Ayo Env. Ethics 2011

7. 1. 政府：國際政策 • Agenda 21 of the Conference on Environment and Development (Earth Summit, 1992) • Commission on Sustainable Development (1992) • Environmental Committee of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (1992) • Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC, in force 1994) • Kyoto Protocol to the FCCC (2005) Ayo Env. Ethics 2011

8. 1. 政府：國際政策 • International law affirms that governments and citizens have a duty to support public actions that will realize • the right to environmentally sustainable development, • protect the right of every person to • a healthy environment, and maintain the integrity of the environment for future generations. Ayo Env. Ethics 2011

9. 1. 政府：美國政策 • The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) defines the duties of the federal governments for the environment. The purposes of the NEPA are: • To declare a national policy which will encourage productive and enjoyable harmony between man and his environment • To promote efforts which will prevent or eliminatedamage to the environment and biosphere and stimulate the health and welfare of man • To enrich the understanding of the ecological systems and natural resources important to the Nation • To establish a Council on Environmental Quality. Ayo Env. Ethics 2011

10. 1. 政府：美國政策 • On April 22, 1970, twenty million Americans participated in the first Earth Day, and that July President Nixon submitted to Congress a proposal to create an Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). • The Clean Air Act (1970) • Superfund law (1980), • Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) • As of 2007, there were over thirteen hundred Superfund sites. Ayo Env. Ethics 2011

11. 1. 政府：美國政策 • In 1992 the EPA began Energy Star, a voluntary-labeling program that promotes the use of energy-efficient products in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. • The EPA claims that the program has delivered savings of about $16 billion in 2007 alone. • In 2001 the EPA launched the Green Power Partnership program, which encourage organizations to buy renewable energy. Ayo Env. Ethics 2011

12. 2. 公司：moral leadership • JPMorgan Chase • Which operates in more than 50 countries and has assets of $1.4 trillion, has adopted a “comprehensive environmental policy”. • “Sustainability Commitment” • Which affirms a duty of care for the environment, and the well-beings of all our children and grandchildren. Ayo Env. Ethics 2011

13. 2. 公司：moral leadership • Interface 公司 • Which makes carpets. • The chairman Ray C. Anderson • to become environmentally sustainable. • Eliminate waste, Benign emissions, renewable energy, closing the loop, resource-efficient transportation, sensitizing stakeholders, and redesign commerce. Ayo Env. Ethics 2011

14. Interface 公司：朝向可持續企業的成功範例Ray C. Anderson 著 / 鄭益明 譯新自然主義出版

15. Interface 公司 供應商 製程 市場客戶 價值 資本 人 地球 生態圈 社區

16. 人、資本與製程

17. 公司，與供應商和市場客戶

19. 第一個前線，零廢棄(zero waste)

20. 第二個前線，無害的排放

21. 第三個前線，再生能源

22. 第四個前線，封閉迴路

23. 第五個前線，資源效率型的運輸

24. 第六個前線，感受性的連結 (sensitivity hookup)

25. 第七個前線，重新設計商業(redesign of commerce)

26. 21世紀的Interface 公司

27. Fig. 邁向永續發展的進程

28. Fig. 總銷售額 vs. 永續性銷售額

29. Fig.1a. Four organizational models:Changing relationships among business, society and environment. 摘取自：Abe, J. M., P. E. Dempsey, and D. A. Bassett (1998) Business Ecology, giving your organization the natural edge. Butterworth-Heinemann.

30. Fig.1b Four organizational models:Changing relationships among business, society and environment. 污染者付費 輸出的管制

31. Fig.1c Four organizational models:Changing relationships among business, society and environment. 生產效率的提昇 輸入的管理

32. Fig. 11-1. The bout-face needed in the management of production systems. (A( Focus on output (yield) with consequences such as increased nonpoint-source population.

33. Post-1990

34. 企業與環保的關係 (歷史軌跡) • 1970s 之前 Unprepared (未準備) • 1970s Reactive (回應)：管制標準 • 1980s Anticipatory (預先回應)：避免污染 • 1990s Proactive (積極的回應)：生態效率 (eco-efficiency) • 2000s 之後 High integration (高度整合)：可持續發展 (sustainable development) ：真善美的價值創造 被動 主動 整合

35. 環保 vs. 經濟發展 • 如何「高度整合」 (high integration)？ • 兩個途徑： • 自然之道 (The Natural Step) • 事業生態學 (Business Ecology)

36. 3. NGOs：倡議與行動 • Greenpeace is “an independent global campaigning organization” that acts to protect the environment and to work for peace by • Catalyzing an energy revolution to address.. Climate change • Defending our oceans • Protecting … ancient forests • Working for disarmament and peace • Creating a toxic free future • Campaigning for sustainable agriculture Ayo Env. Ethics 2011

37. 3. NGOs：倡議與行動 • The Sierra Club is primarily a grassroots lobbying organization with a mission to: • Explore, enjoy, and protect the wild places of the earth • Practice and promote the responsible use of the earth’s ecosystems and resources • Educate and enlist humanity to protect and restore the quality of the natural and human environment • Use all lawful means to carry our these objectives. Ayo Env. Ethics 2011

38. 3. NGOs：倡議與行動 • The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) operates in more than a hundred countries and supports about two hundred conservation projects. • Its mission is • To stop the degradation of the planet’s natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature • by conserving the world’s biological diversity, • ensuring that the use of renewable natural resources is sustainable, • and promoting the reduction of pollution and wasteful consumption. Ayo Env. Ethics 2011

39. 3. NGOs：倡議與行動 • The Nature Conservancy is dedicated to preserving biodiversity. to preserve the plants, animals, and natural communities that represent the diversity of life on Earth by • Protecting the lands and waters they need to survive. • In 2006, the Nature Conservancy purchased for $231 million from International Paper 212,000 acres of forest in ten southern states, in order to conserve it. • Debt-for-nature swaps, • the recent agreement by the US to forgive $24 million in debt owed to it by Guatemala, which instead will be used to fund forest conservation in Guatemala for fifteen years. Ayo Env. Ethics 2011

40. 4. 合作策略: GLWQA and the Apollo alliance • The Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement (GLWQA) is a treaty between the governments of Canada and the US. • Enforcing the treaty involves doing studies and making recommendations for all the “stakeholders”, which include government, private organizations, and citizens. • along with over 50 local NGOs. Ayo Env. Ethics 2011

41. 4. 合作策略: The Apollo Alliance • The Apollo Alliance is another example of collaboration between NGOs, government officials, and corporate leaders. • The Apollo Alliance for Good jobs and Clean Energy. • Rather than focus on environmental problems, the Apollo Alliance provides a message of optimism and hope. • Enabled labor unions and environmental NGOs to work together with business leaders in creating good jobs as well as a more sustainable economy. Ayo Env. Ethics 2011

42. 問題與討論 Ayo NUTN website: http://myweb.nutn.edu.tw/~hycheng/