1. Narrowing down a topic Let’s assume that you are interested in the “environment”. It would be impossible to cover such a big topic in a paragraph Narrow it to perhaps environmental pollution, such as pollution of the oceans.

2. Oceans pollution is still too broad because it would include pollution by oil, chemicals, sewage, and garbage Therefore, you might decide to write about oil as a source of ocean pollution. Finally, you can even make it narrower by writing only about the effects of oil spills on sea life.

3. The Inverted Pyramid: • Think of it as a “funnel” • You start broad at the beginning • Narrow down at the end • Hence, the upside down pyramid model

4. E N V I R O N M E N T P O L L U T I O N OCEAN POLLUTION OIL SPILLS EFFECTS ON SEALIFE

5. Activity • Now , in a small group of 3, narrow the following general topic to one specific aspect that could be written about in one paragraph: • Culture shock