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“ Strange Fruit ” (1940) written by Lewis Allen

“ Strange Fruit ” (1940) written by Lewis Allen.

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“ Strange Fruit ” (1940) written by Lewis Allen

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  1. “Strange Fruit” (1940) written by Lewis Allen Southern trees bear strange fruit Blood on the leaves Blood at the root Black bodies swinging in the southern breeze Strange fruit hanging from the poplar treesPastoral scene of the gallant south The bulging eyes and the twisted mouth The scent of magnolia sweet and fresh Then the sudden smell of burning flesh! Here is a fruit for the crows to pluck For the rain to gather, for the wind to suck For the sun to rot, for the tree to drop Here is a strange and bitter crop.

  2. The Civil Rights Movement Six Phases 1900-Present

  3. Civil Rights Outline Key periods (Dates approximate and overlapping) • Post reconstruction self segregation 1877-1920 • Self-segregation no longer an option 1900-1920 • Organization of pro-rights (and anti-rights) groups and attempts at reform through lobbying and lawsuits 1908-1950 • Expansion of some rights to African-Americans by a tiny few white leaders 1930-1960 • Black individuals and organizations force confrontation over rights 1955-1970 • Clear progress toward rights but frustration with the speed resulting in militancy and violence 1964 - 1975 • Steady progress toward rights with retrenchment of society interest in the issue 1980 - Present

  4. 1877-1900Post Reconstruction Self-Segregation Black Codes during Reconstruction Jim CrowLaws after Reconstruction In rural deep south – All black communities in some locales In towns, “the other side of the tracks.”

  5. 1. Development of Modern Black - White Conflict Problem Identification : Self-segregation no longer an option Washington (traditionalists) vs. Dubois (Niagara Movement) • 1900-1920

  6. 2. Organization of Activists– African Americans Organization of individuals to address the problems of race 1. NAACP 1909 2. Universal Negro Improvement Association Marcus Garvey 1929 “Black is Beautiful” 3. Nation of Islam 1930

  7. 2. Organization of Activists - Whites Joseph Simmons • “Birth of a Nation” – DW Griffith • Murder of Mary Phagan and the Lynching of Leo Frank • The 2nd KKK 1915

  8. 3. White Power Structure Grants Rights Powerful people must then actively oppose black Civil Rights for reasons of moral compulsion or for personal advantage Powerful people support black Civil Rights for reasons of moral compulsion often at great risk, sometimes for personal advantage Governor of Arkansas - Orval Faubus Governor of Mississippi - Ross Barnett Governors of Alabama - John Patterson - George Wallace From Kentucky (1798) and Virginia (1799) Resolutions - Nullification - Interposition FDR Harry Truman 1948 Branch Rickey 1947 Jackie Robinson The Supreme Court Sweatt v. Painter (1950) McLaurin v. Oklahoma (1950) Brown v. Board of Education (1954) School Board Little Rock, Arkansas

  9. 4. Direct Action - Confrontation African-Americans discover a set of tools to force the power structure of the nation to: a) confront their own racism and make a conscious decision to accept or reject that racism b) reject racism for their own economic self-interests Rules about segregation of busses – Montgomery 1955 Rosa Parks

  10. 4. Direct Action - Confrontation Local Church Leaders reluctant to respond: • Martin Luther King - Ralph David Abernathy “Powder Keg” Crisis required a response • Organized and peaceful vs. spontaneous and violent Boycott – 2/3 of Montgomery Busline Ridership Newly discovered power in the “powerless” Demands • Integration of busses • Hire black drivers • White drivers courteous to black riders

  11. 4. Direct Action - Confrontation Effects of Montgomery Bus boycott • New Leadership • New Organization – SCLC • New emphasis in tactics and philosophy: • Non-violence • Civil Disobedience • Passive-resistance • Direct Action Jesus Christ Henry David Thoreau Mohndas K. Ghandi Jim Lawson Summarized by King in the phrase: “Let no man bring you so low as to hate him…. We must confront physical force with a new force, ‘Soul Force.’“

  12. 4. Direct Action - Confrontation 1955 – Murder of Emmett Till (14) – His mother’s defiance: The “first great media event” of the Civil Rights Movement (David Halberstam) Photos of the Chicago Funeral in national magazines

  13. 4. Direct Action - Confrontation Lunch Counter “Sit-ins” • Downtown department stores • Greensboro • Nashville • Atlanta, etc. • First Direct Action demonstrations • SNCC • National boycott of chain stores “Freedom Rides” • Interstate Bus service • CORE • Not actually “Civil Disobedience” because …?

  14. 4. Direct Action - Confrontation Death of Medgar Evers • Protest Marches in Birmingham • Bull Connor

  15. 4. Direct Action - Confrontation The March on Washington Aug 1963 – the famous “I Have a Dream” speech • Civil Rights Act of 1964

  16. 4. Direct Action - Confrontation Selma, Alabama – Voting Rights March • Edmund Pettus Bridge • Voting Rights Act of 1965

  17. 5. The Violence of Frustration • Clear progress toward rights • But frustration with the pace of change • Result – • Militancy and violence • 1964 - 1975

  18. 5. The Violence of Frustration The Good • Voting Rights exercised • Martin Luther King – Nobel Peace Prize • LBJ appoints: • Robert Weaver –1st Cabinet member (HUD) • Thurgood Marshall – 1st Justice SC • For the first time, African-Americans in the Public Arts in ways • Visible • Powerful

  19. Oscar Best Actor

  20. 5. The Violence of Frustration The Bad Raised Hopes and Expectations But economic equality is decades away • Spontaneous riots in non-southern cities • Example - Watts Riots (LA)1965 A move in Calif. to block the fair housing provision of the Civil Rights Act built tensions Exploded after a routine traffic stop escalated 6 days, hundreds of buildings, 4000 arrests, 34 dead

  21. 5. The Violence of Frustration The Bad – Continued • Organizations • The Nation of Islam (The “Black Muslims”) • Elijah Mohamed • Cassius Clay (Muhamed Ali) • Malcolm “X” • Freedom “By any means necessary” • Louis Farakhan • The Black Panthers • H. “Rap” Brown (Jamil Abdullah Al-Amin) • Re: Cambridge, MA - “Burn this town down” • Huey Newton • “Political power comes from the barrel of a gun”

  22. 5. The Violence of Frustration The Bad – Continued again • The Assassination of Martin Luther King Cross reference with 1968 from next presentation

  23. 6. Progress and Retrenchment • The natural historic “rhythm” • Change followed by reactionism • A period of social reform followed by • A period of materialism followed by • A period of spiritual awakening (and so on)

  24. 6. Progress and Retrenchment Affirmative Action Consideration of race, ethnicity, or sex in the acceptance of qualified applicants • First in policy by Nixon Administration • Publicly popular in 1970’s • Declared constitutional by Regents of University California v. Bakke (1978) • Opposition builds in 1980’s – 00’s California ends Affirmative Action in all state programs Bush 43 administration supporting private lawsuit to overturn affirm. action at Univ. of Michigan

  25. 6. Progress and Retrenchment - Continued • Poverty Rates • Post WWII national average approx. 12% • For Afr. Americans • 1998 – 1st year below 30% • 2000 – 22%, a record low • Also 2002 – 7.5% for Whites • Incarceration Rates • Chance of a black male spending some time in jail in his lifetime • 28.5% • Chance of a white male • 2.5%

  26. Legacies of the Civil Rights Movement

  27. Legacies of the Civil Rights Movement • Inspiration for other movements • Hispanics, Latinos, Mexican Americans • Caesar Chavez • Native Americans • AIM • Women • NOW • ERA • Gays and Lesbians • Stonewall Riot

  28. Legacies of the Civil Rights Movement • Economic growth • More complete use of ALL our resources • Especially in South • Object lesson for other forms of prejudice

  29. Sources • http://www.trctc.commnet.edu/Prog_Study/Soc_Scie...07/Billie%20Holiday%20-%20Strange%20Fruit.mp3 • http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/aap/photo06.jpg • http://timmer.org/Distance%20Learning/Images/17B_L02/lynching6.jpg • http://timmer.org/Distance%20Learning/History_17B/Lecture02/Lecture02_p04.htm • http://www.musarium.com/withoutsanctuary/main.html • http://www.american.edu/bgriff/H207web/civrights/CivilRightsOutline.htm • http://www.lcgworks.com/movies/pictures/lilies%20of%20the%20field.html • http://www.nextag.com/Lilies_of_the_Field~62471z0znz400000zzmainz6-htm • http://www.sherylsworld.com/trekwomen_uhura_sites.html • http://www.bol.ucla.edu/~jungirl1/65riotspage.htm • http://www.displaysforschools.com/kkk.jpg • http://memory.loc.gov/music/gottlieb/04000/04200/04251v.jpg • http://www.wehaitians.com/how%20photos%20became%20icon%20of%20civil%20rights%20movement.html • http://shs.westport.k12.ct.us/jwb/Collab/CivRtsWeb/SNCC.htm • http://dreamer1.hp.infoseek.co.jp/dream.html • http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/images/s84.6p1.jpg

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