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INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS OF DATABASE

INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS OF DATABASE. Topics To Be Discussed………………………. DATA DATA ITEM RECORD FILE DATA PROCESSING INFORMATION. DATA

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INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS OF DATABASE

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  1. INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS OF DATABASE

  2. Topics To Be Discussed………………………. • DATA • DATA ITEM • RECORD • FILE • DATA PROCESSING • INFORMATION

  3. DATA Data can be defined as a representation of facts, concepts or instruction in a formalized manner suitable for communication, interpretation or processing by human or electronic machine. Data is represented with the help of characters like Alphabets (A-Z, a-z) Digits (0-9) Special Characters (+, -, *, <, > etc.)

  4. DATA ITEM A set of character which are used together to represent a specific data element e.g. name of student in a class is represented by data item i.e. NAME RECORD Record is a collection of related data items e.g. a student record for a college contains such data fields as name, roll no, class, date of birth, address, father’s name, mother’s name etc.

  5. FILE File is collection of records e.g. a student file might consist of the student records of an institution. EXAMPLE - Consider a STUDENT File STUDENT : FILE DATA ITEM RECORD

  6. DATA PROCESSING Data processing is the restructuring or reordering of data by people or machine to increase their usefulness and value for some particular purpose. Data processing means manipulating the data to make it more useful. Data manipulation consist of such operation as classification, sorting calculations and summarization. Processing Result (Information) Data (Useful Information) (Raw Information)

  7. INFORMATION Information is the processed data on which decisions and actions are based.In other words Data are plain facts. When data are processed, organized, structured or presented in a given context so as to make them useful, they are called Information. Information must qualify the following characteristics: Timely Accurate Complete Given to right person

  8. CHARACTERISTICS OF INFORMATION Good information is that which is used and which creates value. Experience and research shows that good information has numerous qualities. Good information is relevant for its purpose, sufficiently accurate for its purpose, complete enough for the problem, reliable and targeted to the right person.  It is also communicated in time for its purpose, contains the right level of detail and is communicated by an appropriate channel, i.e. one that is understandable to the user.

  9. Accuracy Information needs to be accurate enough for the use to which it is going to be put.  To obtain information that is 100% accurate is usually unrealistic as it is likely to be too expensive to produce on time.  The degree of accuracy depends upon the circumstances.  Reliability or objectivity : Reliability deals with the truth of information or the objectivity with which it is presented.  You can only really use information confidently if you are sure of its reliability and objectivity. 

  10. Relevance : Information should be relevant to the purpose for which it is required. It must be suitable.  What is relevant for one manager may not be relevant for another.  The user will become frustrated if information contains data irrelevant to the task in hand. For example, a market research company may give information on users’ perceptions of the quality of a product.  This is not relevant for the manager who wants to know opinions on relative prices of the product and its rivals.  The information gained would not be relevant to the purpose.

  11. Completeness : Information should contain all the details required by the user. Otherwise, it may not be useful as the basis for making a decision. Ideally all the information needed for a particular decision should be available.  However, this rarely happens; good information is often incomplete.  To meet all the needs of the situation, you often have to collect it from a variety of sources. Presentation : The presentation of information is important to the user. For example, a marketing report that includes graphs of statistics will be easy to understand to the users within the organisation.  Many organisations use presentation software and show summary information.  These presentations are visually attractive and convey the correct amount of detail to the user.

  12. Timing : Information must be on time for the purpose for which it is required. Information received too late will be irrelevant. For example, if you receive a brochure from a theatre and notice there was a concert by your favourite band yesterday, then the information is too late to be of use.

  13. THANKS

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