Dynamic Pedestrian and Vehicular Modelling

1. Dynamic Pedestrian and Vehicular Modelling • J. MacGregor Smith & M. Blakey Smith • Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering & Facilities Planning • University of Massachusetts • Amherst MA 01003 http://www.ecs.umass.edu/mie/faculty/smith/

2. Overview • Methodology • Representation • Analysis • Synthesis • Case Studies • Newton-Wellesley Hospital Campus • Engineered Polymers Warehouse Facility • Automated Teller and Walkup Facility

3. Representation Step 1.0: Define Customer Classes Step 2.0: Define Routing vectors Step 3.0: Define Distance and Flow Matrices Analysis Step 4.0: Topological Diagrams Step 5.0: Layout Alternatives Step 6.0: Flow Analysis Synthesis Step 7.0: Evaluation of Alternatives Step 8.0: Synthesis Step 9.0: Implementation Basic Methodology

4. Representation • Step 1.0: What customers (patients, staff, visitors) are moving through the facility? • Step 2.0: Define the route sheets for the customer classes • Step 3.0: From-To Charts, Distance and Flow Matrices: P(i,j); D(i,j)

5. Analysis • Step 4.0: Generate the topological diagram relating the route sheets and the physical facility. • Step 5.0: Generate the alternative layouts • STEP/MAFLAD • Step 6.0: Generate the analytical and simulation models for analysis • QNET/ARENA

6. Synthesis • Step 7.0: Evaluation of Alternatives • Step 8.0: Synthesis of Results (sensitivity analysis) • Step 9.0: Implementation of Plans

7. Design Issues • What are the fundamental design and performance variablesinvolved in designing a circulation system? • How are these fundamental design (d), performance (p), and contextual (c) variables related? P=f(c,d)

8. What is Congestion? • Congestion occurs mainly as a result of increased number of pedestrians and vehicles competing for the limited space of a corridor or roadway segment.

9. Empirical Model • The service rate (speed) decays within a corridor • Since there is a finite amount of available space within each corridor, the density of pedestrians reaches an upper limit (jam density).

10. Performance Measures • Flow (q) Output volume or throughput • Density (k)the number of customers or vehicles travelling over a unit length • Pedestrian Speed () • Time (t)

11. Design Variables • Length (L) of the corridor or highway segment • Width (W) of corridor or highway segment. • Capacity (C) = 5 LW • Other variables of interest e.g. • pavement materials, patterns, etc. • grades, stairs, etc. • geometric curves, etc.

12. Contextual Variables • Input Volume ():= total number of pedestrians that enter a circulation segment during a given time interval • Other contextual variables • obstacles, • weather conditions • climate • wind conditions

13. Building Blocks Methodology Public Buildings • Airports • Courthouses • Hospitals • Malls • Campuses • Freeways

14. LinearModel • A:= average pedestrian or vehicle speed • C: capacity of the corridor or highway segment C = f(L,N)

15. ExponentialModel •  := scale parameter •  := shape parameter

16. Empirical Curves of Pedestrian Stairwell Flows (after Fruin)

17. General Models of Pedestrian Flows

18. Representation of Facilities • Floor Plan/Section Graph Representation

19. Newton Wellesley Hospital Campus

20. Typical Hospital Floor

21. Routes of Pedestrian Travel

22. Routes of Pedestrian Travel

23. 3d representation of the Campus

24. Pedestrian Route Analysis

25. Synthesis

26. Optimal Routes of Pedestrian Travel

27. Optimization of the network

28. Engineered Polymers Inc. • Warehouse capacity analysis • Dynamic material handling design • Layout and equipment needs • Forecast space utilization over time • Bottleneck analysis • Over to Simulation model animations …

29. Volume of Boxes

30. Warehouse Capacities • Raw materials Semi-Finished

31. Total Warehouse Capacity

32. Average Turnaround Time

33. Equipment Utilization

34. Extruder Utilization

35. Holyoke Power and Light • Pedestrian vehicular layout alternatives • Horseshoe Counter with 1 ATM • Horseshoe Counter with 2 ATMs • Linear Counter • L-Shaped Counter • Animations of different alternatives • Summary of results

36. 1: Horseshoe Counter Layout with one and two drive-ups

37. 2:Horseshoe Counter Layout

38. 3:Linear Counter Layout with two drive-ups

39. 4: L-Shaped Layout

40. Basic Data • Cashiers • 128 drive-ups /day, Ave Time: 1 min 9 sec • 290 walk-ins /day, Ave Time: 1 min 18 sec • Credit • 12 walk-ins /day, Ave Time: 6.42 min • 27 call-ins / day, Ave Time: 3.78 min • Customer Accounts • 36 walk-ins /day, Ave Time: 4.30 min • 37 call-ins /day, Ave Time: 2.54 min • Water Dept: 5% of 8100 customers /month

41. Assumptions • 70% customers enter via parking lot, 30% enter via Suffolk Street • If cashiers are backed up, computer entries are postponed until they are free • Cashiers operate on the policy of First-Come-First-Served when serving both walk-ins and drive-ups • With Water Dept, an additional cashier is available, and all cashiers handle all types of customers

42. Simulation Experiments • Results analyzed over 30 independent days of operation • Simulation programs written in SIMAN and animations developed in ARENA • Animations shown for each alternative over 1 day (8 hours) of operation • Over to animations .....

43. Average Time in System

44. Maximum Times in System

45. Maximum Drive-up Queue

46. Maximum Cashier Queue

47. Customers in Building

48. Average Server Utilizations

49. Maximum Computer Back-up

50. Representation Step 1.0: Define Customer Classes Step 2.0: Define Routing vectors Step 3.0: Define Distance and Flow Matrices Analysis Step 4.0: Topological Diagrams Step 5.0: Layout Alternatives Step 6.0: Flow Analysis Synthesis Step 7.0: Evaluation of Alternatives Step 8.0: Synthesis Step 9.0: Implementation Methodology Summary