Cities and Urban Land Use

1. Cities and Urban Land Use Unit VII

2. Settlements • Settlement: a permanent collection of buildings and inhabitants

3. ORIGINS OF SETTLEMENTS • Religious - graves, churches, temples • Cultural - schools, libraries • Political/Military - leader’s house, walls • Economic - stores, food

4. TYPES OF SETTLEMENTS • Rural Settlements- agriculture as the predominant occupation. • Can be Clustered or Dispersed • Clustered Rural Settlements – Grouped settlements in rural areas to minimize travel • Dispersed Rural Settlements – Isolated farms with enclosed continuous fields • Urban settlements- principal industries are secondary and tertiary.

5. GEOGRAPHIC PERSPECTIVE OF SETTLEMENTS • Geographers are interested in the patterns of settlements and the interrelationship of settlements • How do the patterns of settlements explain human culture?

6. Site – Physical characteristics of a city or setting Situation – A city or settings location in relation to other cities or settings. Developed Country (Core) - Those countries with the highest level of technological advancements. Countries with high literacy rates, GNP’s and good health care. Developing Country (Periphery/Semi – Periphery) Those countries with limited use of high technology. Countries with lower literacy rates, GNP’s and poorer health care

7. Origin of Cities • Cities arise following efficient agriculture use • Food surplus • Agriculture hearths and cities

8. Historical Rise of Cities • 3,000-4,000 BC • Iraq, Fertile Crescent • Eridu (Mesopotamia) 3,000 -4,000 BC • Thebes/Memphis (Nile Valley) 2500 BC • Ugarit/Byblos (Med. Europe) 1500 BC • Ayan (Huan-Ho) 1500 BC • Teotihuacan (Mesoamerica) 200 BC

9. Ancient World Cities Oldest cities are found in Mesopotamia, Egypt, China and Indus Valley. Mesopotamia (Jordan/Iraq) Jericho 10,000 B.C. Ur 3,000 B.C. (Iraq) Walled cities based on agricultural trade Ziggurat (stepped temple) Ancient Ur in Iraq

10. Ancient World Cities Oldest cities are found in Mesopotamia, Egypt, China and Indus Valley. E. Mediterranean Athens 2,500 B.C. 1st city to exceed 100,000 Many cities organized into City-States Ancient Athens

11. Historical Rise of Cities • Rise of Trade and Agriculture create cities in Europe • Decline of Western Cities during the “Dark Ages” 700’s • Growth in East and Mesoamerica • Feudal System

12. Medieval World Cities After collapse of Roman Empire in 5th Century, Europe’s cities were diminished or abandoned. European Feudal Cities -Begin in 11th Century -Independent cities formed in exchange for military service to feudal lord. -Improved roads encouraged trade -Dense and compact within defensive walls Paris, France Cittadella, Italy

13. Medieval World Cities Cittadella, Italy Cittadella, Italy

14. Historical Rise of Cities • Renaissance 1350-1650 • Cities as centers of learning • Europe began to compete with world cities • Growth of trade

15. Historical Rise of Cities • Colonial Period: Renaissance – 19th Cent. • Colonial powers explore earth in search of plunder • Transform many ancient world cities into colonial cities • Tenochtitlan = Mexico City • Growth of European cities = decline of world cities

16. Historical Rise of Cities • Industrial Revolution • Growth of cities near manufacturing and transportation routes • Gateway cities

17. Historic City Functions • Cities as location of industry and services • Cities as centers of social and technological innovation and freedom • Commercial Centers - Fresno, Venice, New York • Industrial Cities - Manchester, Detroit, Los Angeles • Primary Resources - Scotia, Minas Gerais, Nevada City • Resort Cities - Santa Barbara, Las Vegas, Marseille • Government / Religious Centers - Monterey, D.C., Brasilia • Education Centers - Palo Alto, Berkeley

19. U.S. Urban Growth Stages

20. Cities and Urban Geography • In 1950 1/3 of the world lived in a city. • Today 1/2 of us live in cities and the number is increasing.

21. Major Cities of the World

22. Modern World Cities A high percentage of world’s business is transacted and political power is concentrated in these cities. • Headquarters of large businesses • Media control centers • Access to political power London, New York, Tokyo • Chicago, Los Angeles, Washington, Brussels, Frankfurt, Paris, Zurich, Sao Paulo, and Singapore

23. Urban Planning Building Better Cities How to Make a Great City • Famous Planned Cities • Canberra, Australia • Brasilia, Brazil • Washington, D.C. • Irvine, CA • Seaside, FL • Poundbury, England • Smart Growth • Pedestrian Friendly • Increase Density • Mix Ethnic and Income Groups

24. Largest World Metropolitan Areas Ten Most Populous Today

25. Largest World Cities Ten Most Populous in A.D. 1975 1. Tokyo 19.8 million 2. New York 15.9 million 3. Shanghai 11.4 million 4. México 11.2 million 5. São Paulo 9.9 million 6. Osaka 9.8 million 7. Buenos Aires 9.1 million 8. Los Angeles 8.9 million 9. Paris 8.9 million 10. Beijing 8.5 million Source: U.N., 2001 * Note that five of these cities are in the Core or more developed world.

26. Largest World Cities Ten Most Populous by A.D. 2015 1. Tokyo 28.7 million 2. Bombay 27.4 million 3. Lagos 24.4 million 4. Shanghai 23.4 million 5. Jakarta 21.2 million 6. São Paulo 20.8 million 7. Karachi 20.6 million 8. Beijing 19.4 million 9. Dhaka, Bangladesh 19.0 million 10. México 18.8 million Source: U.N., 2001 * Note that only one of these cities is in the Core of the more developed world!

27. Urbanization • Urbanization – the process by which the population of cities grows • 2 Dimensions: • Increase in the number of people living in cities • Increase in the percentage of people living in cities

28. Increasing Number of People in Cities • PEDs have a higher percentage of people in cities, but PINGs have more of the large urban settlements • Eight of the top ten cities are currently in PINGs • Top Ten cities ranking

29. Rapid Growth in PINGs • Growth of urban areas in PINGs is the reversal of Western Europe…it is not a measure of development • Where is the growth coming from? • 50% is coming from the countryside • 50% results from high natural increase rates

30. The Streets of Mumbai

31. DISTRIBUTION OF CITIES • International Distribution • Developed countries have a higher population living in urban areas • Two thirds live in urban areas • Developing countries have the greatest increases in the number of large urban settlements • One quarter live in urban areas • Most of the largest cities are in the developing regions

32. Percent Urban by Region Fig. 13-2b: Over 70% of people in MDCs live in urban areas. Although under half of the people in most of Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa are urban, Latin America and the Middle East have urban percentages comparable to MDCs.

33. Legal Definition of a City • City – an urban settlement that has been legally incorporated into an independent, self-governing unit • Elects officials • Can raise taxes • Responsible for providing essential services • Central city – a city that is surrounded by suburbs

34. Characteristics of Modern Cities

35. Large Size • In rural areas – you know the other inhabitants • You might be related to them! • In urban areas – you only know a small percentage of the other inhabitants

36. High Density • The only way for large numbers of people to survive in a small area is through specialization • Each person in an urban area plays a special role to allow the system to function smoothly • High density causes people to compete for survival in limited space

37. Specialized Jobs

38. Social Heterogeneity • The larger the settlement, the greater the variety of people • Urban areas provide for more freedom to pursue an unusual profession, sexual orientation, or cultural interest • Urban residents are more tolerant of diverse social behavior

39. Urbanized Area • A central city and its contiguous built up suburbs where population density exceeds 1000 people per square mile • About 70% of the U.S. population live in urban areas, divided equally between the central city and surrounding areas

40. Metro Atlanta

41. St. Louis Metropolitan Area Fig. 13-3: The metropolitan area of St. Louis is spread over several counties and two states. It is also a diversified trade center, due to its position on the Mississippi River.

42. DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN SETTLEMENTS • Megalopolis - • conurbation of a number of cities blended together without separation • “The Blob” Lewis Mumford • SMSA- Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area

43. Metropolitan Statistical Area • An MSA includes the following • A central city with a population of at least 50,000 • The county within which the city is located • Adjacent counties with a high population density and a large percentage of residents working in the central city’s county

44. Overlapping Metropolitan Areas • A county between two central cities may send commuters in either direction • Megalopolis – metropolitan areas that overlap • Bosnywash – the areas from D.C., to New York and Boston form a large complex of cities

45. Megalopolis Fig. 13-4: The Boston-Washington corridor extends over 700 km and contains about one-quarter of U.S. population.

46. US Megapolitan Areas

47. Skyscrapers • Why build up? • Why copy Western model? • Where are the world’s tallest buildings?

48. GROWTH OF THE CITY • Skyscrapers - using vertical space • intensive use of land • shops at street level • professional offices at higher levels • Outward Expansion • advent of the automobile & transportation routes • decline of public transport

49. URBAN PATTERNS • City Center • best known area, most visually distinctive • San Francisco, London • original site of settlement • Central Business District (CBD) • retail & office space • accessible • often a focal point with skyscrapers • specialized stores for the office workers

50. CBD, Chicago