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PROFESSIONALISM

PROFESSIONALISM. “No man ever reached to excellence in any one art or profession without having passed through the slow and painful process of study and preparation.” -Horace. THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM. THE ESTROUS CYCLE. NORMAL ESTOUS CYCLE: THE BITCH.

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PROFESSIONALISM

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  1. PROFESSIONALISM “No man ever reached to excellence in any one art or profession without having passed through the slow and painful process of study and preparation.” -Horace

  2. THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM THE ESTROUS CYCLE

  3. NORMAL ESTOUS CYCLE: THE BITCH • Estrous Cycle: Defined as the time from the beginning of one heat period to the beginning of the next. • Onset of puberty: 6-24mths; Avg.: 9-10mths • The stages of the estrous cycle: • Proestrus • Estrus • Metestrus • Diestrus • Anestrus

  4. NORMAL ESTROUS CYCLE:PROESTRUS • PROESTRUS: the period when the bitch is sexually attractive, but rejects the male’s advances • Physical signs of proestrus: • Serosanguinous vaginal discharge • Vulvar swelling • Vaginal edema • Internal physical signs: • Lengthening and hyperemia of the uterine horns • Enlargement of the cervix • Thickening of the vaginal wall

  5. PROESTRUS • Hormonal signs of proestrus: • Increasing serum concentrations of estradiol (estrogen) • estrogen is responsible for the physical signs of proestrus • Estrogen is being produced by the maturing follicles in the ovary (under the influence of Follicle Stimulating Hormone or FSH) • As proestrus progresses, the estrogen levels begin to peak and initiate the onset of estrus.

  6. PROESTRUS • Cytologic signs of proestrus: • Vaginal Cytology • Parabasal cells and intermediate cells predominate; wbc’s and rbc’s present • Duration of proestrus: 3-17 days; Avg.: 9 days

  7. VAGINAL CYTOLOGY

  8. VAGINAL CYTOLOGY

  9. VAGINAL CYTOLOGY

  10. PROESTRUS INTERMEDIATE CELLS RED BLOOD CELLS

  11. THE NORMAL ESTROUS CYCLE:ESTRUS • ESTRUS: The period of acceptance of the male • Physical signs of estrus: • The swollen vulva is less turgid • The vulvar discharge is usually less bloody • The bitch allows mating • “standing” heat • “flagging” behavior (tail deviated to the side)

  12. ESTRUS • Hormonal signs of estrus: • Serum estrogen peaks in late proestrus and early estrus. The estrogen peak initiates a surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) • LH results in ovulation (rupture) of the mature follicle and release of the oocyte. LH also stimulates the cells left behind in the empty follicle to multiply into the corpus luteum (See metestrus) • serum progesterone levels begin to increase toward the end of estrus (and beginning of metestrus) • Progesterone is produced by the corpus luteum which is forming from the empty follicle (see metestrus) • Progesterone is the hormone that maintains pregnancy

  13. ESTRUS • Cytologic signs of estrus: • Vaginal cytology: • Superficial and superficial anuclear squamous cells predominate (aka cornified cells); rbc’s usally present, wbc’s usually absent • Duration of estrus: 3-21 days; Avg.: 9 days

  14. ESTRUS: VAGINAL CYTOLOGY CORNIFIED EPITHELIAL CELLS

  15. THE NORMAL ESTROUS CYCLE:METESTRUS • METESTRUS: The period after ovulation when the corpus luteum develops. • Internal signs of metestrus: • Lining of the uterus is thick and “juicy” in preparation for implantation of a fertilized ovum • Loss of the cornified epithelial lining that developed in the vagina during proestrus and estrus

  16. THE NORMAL ESTROUS CYCLE:DIESTRUS • DIESTRUS: the period when the corpus luteum has reached maximum size and effectiveness. Begins with the bitch’s refusal to mate • Physical signs of diestrus: • None except the cessation of signs of estrus • Hormonal signs of diestrus: • Serum progesterone levels continue to increase and peak during diestrus • In a pregnant bitches, there is a rapid pre-partum drop in progesterone ~24 hours before partuition • In non-pregnant animals, the decline may be more gradual

  17. DIESTRUS • Cytologic signs of diestrus: • Vaginal cytology: • A sudden decrease in the number of superficial cells and a reappearance of intermediate and parabasal cells, and wbc’s. • Duration of diestrus: ~2mths • Dogs and cats are unique in that their corpora lutea appear to have preprogrammed life spans.

  18. DIESTRUS: VAGINAL CYTOLOGY PARABASAL CELLS INTERMEDIATE CELLS

  19. DIESTRUS • PSEUDOPREGNANCY: • A prolonged diestrus • Animal may show signs of pregnancy: • Nesting behavior • Mammary enlargement • Lactation in extreme cases • Clinical signs fade with time

  20. THE NORMAL ESTROUS CYCLE:ANESTRUS • ANESTRUS:Follows diestrus and ends with the onset of proestrus; criteria vary • First time plasma progesterone reaches a level below 3 nmol/L • The moment that the influence of progesterone on the endometrium is no longer evident. • Cytologic signs of anestrus: • Samples are almost acellular • The cells present are parabasal cells and small intermediate cells. • Duration of anestrus: Avg.:~4.5mths.

  21. THE NORMAL ESTROUS CYCLE:THE QUEEN • Onset of puberty: 6-9mths • Female cats are seasonally polyestrous • Cycle controlled by the photoperiod and body weight • 12-14 hours of light and 2.5kgs • In the absence of ovulation or pregnancy, repeated estrous cycles occur every 10-14 days

  22. THE NORMAL ESTROUS CYCLE:PROESTRUS in the queen • PROESTRUS: The period of follicular development, but refusal to mate • Physical signs of proestrus: • Owner may notice increased affection • No vulvar swelling or vaginal discharge in cats • Hormonal signs of proestrus: • Characterized by increasing serum estrogen concentrations • Cytologic signs of proestrus: • Epithelial cells become cornified • Duration of proestrus: 1-2 days

  23. THE NORMAL ESTROUS CYCLE:ESTRUS in the queen • ESTRUS: The period of sexual receptivity and follicle maturation • Physical signs of estrus: • Queen allows copulation • Extreme affection (head rubbing, vocalization, crouching of the thoracic limbs with rigid extension of the pelvic limbs, lordosis, lateral deviation of the tail) • Hormonal signs of estrus: • Peak serum concentrations of estrogen • Cytologic signs of estrus: • Maximum vaginal epithelium cornification • Duration of estrus: 7-9 days

  24. ESTRUS • Cats are known to be “induced ovulators” • Ovulation of the mature follicle occurs as a result of stimulation of the vagina and cervix during mating

  25. FRIENDSHIP “Friendship is like peeing on yourself: Everyone can see it, but only you get the warm feeling that it brings.”

  26. THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM PREGNANCY AND BIRTH

  27. VAGINITIS • Definition: an inflammatory process, not necessarily infectious. Prepuberal bitch (aka puppy vaginitis) VS. Adult vaginitis

  28. VAGINITIS • PUPPY VAGINITIS • Causes: • Inverted vulva • Hormonal fluctuations • Clinical signs: • Purulent vulvar discharge • +/- licking the vulva • Treatments: • systemic antibiotics • topical douching • Signs will return when treatment is discontinued • Condition resolves naturally after the first heat cycle

  29. VAGINITIS Inverted vulva

  30. VAGINITIS • ADULT VAGINITIS • Causes: • Anatomical abnormalities • Canine herpesvirus • Clinical signs: • purulent vulvar discharge • +/- licking the vulva • peri-vulvar skin irritation or infection • Perceived urinary incontinence

  31. VAGINAL HYPERPLASIA/PROLAPSE • Hyperplasia/prolapse • Occurs under the influence of estrogen • Results in edematous vaginal tissue that protrudes from the vulva • Treatment: • Ovariohysterectomy resolves the condition permanently and is the tx of choice • Will usually resolve spontaneously but will recur with subsequent estrous cycles

  32. VAGINAL HYPERPLASIA/PROLAPSE

  33. OTHER REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS: • PYOMETRA: Literally “pus in the uterus” • High levels of progesterone cause several changes in the uterus: • hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the endometrial glands of the uterus • Decreased myometrial contractions • Predisoposes the uterus to bacterial infection • Most common bacteria isolated is E.coli

  34. PYOMETRA • CLINICAL SIGNS: • Vulvar discharge • Vomiting • Dehydration • PU/PD • Azotemia • DIAGNOSIS: • Radiology • Ultrasound • Bloodwork • Ieukocytosis, neutrophilia with a left shift

  35. PYOMETRA This is a potentially life-threatening condition

  36. PYOMETRA An open pyometra is when the Cervix is open and allows drainage Of the pus Preferred treatment is ovariohysterectomy As well as antibiotics and fluid therapy

  37. PYOMETRA IN A RAT ..\P10021A.jpg C:\Users\BUNNY\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Windows\Temporary Internet Files\Low\Content.IE5\C9I4F8D5\P10021B[1].jpg

  38. PREGNANCY • PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS: • Palpation (~days 25-36) • Hormone assay • Ultrasonography (~20 days) • Radiography (~day 45)

  39. PREGNANCY: RADIOGRAPHS

  40. PREGNANCY • GESTATION: the period of pregnancy • DOGS: 62-65 • CATS: 62-65 • THREE STAGES OF LABOR: • 1ST:uterine contractions • 2nd:delivery of the newborn • 3rd:delivery of the placenta • Typically, newborns and placentas are delivered alternately

  41. PREGNANCY • SIGNS OF IMPENDING PARTUITION: • Nesting behavior:12-24 hours before • Inappetance • Panting, shivering • Drop in rectal temperature ~24-48 hours before partuition (caused by abrupt decrease in progesterone): <100°F

  42. PREGNANCY • LABOR, STAGE I: intermittent uterine contractions with no sign of abdominal straining • Restlessness, panting, nesting may continue through stage I • Cervix dilates

  43. PREGNANCY • LABOR, STAGE II: delivery of the newborn • Rectal temp begins to rise to normal or slightly above • Passing of fetal fluids • Expulsive uterine contractions accompanied by abdominal contractions • 1st fetus usually delivered within 4 hours • Bitch will break the amniotic membrane, lick the neonate intensely, and sever the umbilical cord

  44. PREGNANCY • LABOR, STAGE II: WARNING SIGNS • The bitch should be examined by a vet for the following reasons: • Greenish discharge, but no pup is born within 2-4 hrs • Fetal fluid passed more than 2-3 hrs previously, but nothing more has happened • If she has had weak, irregular straining for more than 2-4 hours • If she has had strong, regular straining for more than 20-30 minutes, but no pup born • More than 2-4 hours have passed since the birth of the last puppy and more remain • If she has been in stage II for more than 12 hours

  45. PREGNANCY • LABOR, STAGE II • Interval between births • Usually 5-120 minutes • Partuition should never be allowed to last more than 24 hours

  46. PREGNANCY • LABOR, STAGE III: expulsion of the placenta • Usually follows within 15 minutes of each fetus • Bitch may eat the placentas, but sometimes can be associated with vomiting and diarrhea • Lochia – greenish postpartum discharge of fetal fluids and placental remains will be seen for up to 3 weeks or more

  47. THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS

  48. PEOPLE “Everyone has a photographic memory, it’s just that some people don’t have film.”

  49. PREGNANCY • DYSTOCIA: Difficult birth or the inability to expel the fetus through the birth canal without assistance • Causes: • Abnormal fetal position or size • Uterine inertia • Narrowed birth canal • Diagnosis: • Digital palpation of vagina • Radiographs • ultrasound

  50. PREGNANCY: DYSTOCIA • TREATMENT: • Manual manipulation: a fetus lodged in the vaginal canal can be manually dislodged. • For uterine inertia: oxytocin injections result in contraction of the uterine muscles; also, calcium preparations can be given • C-section

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