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Understanding Costs and Revenue in Economics Seminar Topics

Learn about cost concepts including fixed and variable costs, total cost calculations, averages, and marginals. Explore the derivation of firms' short-run and long-run cost curves. Understand internal and external economies/diseconomies of scale and revenue concepts like total revenue and profit maximization.

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Understanding Costs and Revenue in Economics Seminar Topics

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  1. Econ 206(A) Tutorial 5 Costs and Revenue

  2. Cost Concepts • Fixed Costs. Do not vary with output (rent, plant etc) • Variable Costs. Vary with output (wages, raw materials etc) • Total Cost = Fixed Cost + Variable Cost

  3. Totals, Averages and Marginals • Total Cost (TC) = Average Cost (AC) * Quantity Produced (Q) • Average Cost (AC) = Total Cost(TC)/Quantity(Q) • Marginal Cost = The extra cost of producing one or more additional units of output. MC = ( ∆TC / ∆ Q ); or MC = ( TCQ2 – TCQ1 )

  4. Seminar Topic 1 • Show How a Firms Short-run and Long-run Cost Curve Can be Derived From its Isoquant/Isocost Map

  5. Output Expansion Path (long run) Capital (K) The output expansion path can be used to derive long run costs! C2 > C1 > C0 Output Expansion Path c b Q2 > Q1 > Q0 a Q2 Q1 Q0 C0 C1 C2 Labor (L)

  6. Long Run Total Cost Curve Cost LTC c C2 b C1 a C0 Q0 Q1 Q2 Output (Q)

  7. Output Expansion Path (short run) Capital (K) In the short run, K is constant. Diminishing MPL C2 > C1 > C0 Output Expansion Path Q2 > Q1 > Q0 a c b Q2 Q1 Q0 C0 C1 C2 Labor (L)

  8. Short Run Total Cost Curve Cost STC c C2 LTC b C1 a C0 Q0 Q1 Q2 Output (Q)

  9. Total Costs - Numerical Output (Q) TFC (£) TVC(£) TC(£) 0 10 0 10 1 10 8 18 2 10 14 24 3 10 19 29 4 10 27 37 5 10 40 50

  10. Total Costs = TFC+TVC

  11. Average and Marginal Costs Output (Q) TC (£) AC(£) MC(£) 0 10 1 18 18 8 2 24 12 6 3 29 9.67 5 4 37 9.25 8 5 50 10 13

  12. Seminar Topic 2 • Distinguish Between Internal and External Economies/Diseconomies of Scale.

  13. Economies of scale • Internal: • Decreases in the cost of production (increase in productivity) as output (q) of firm increases. • External: • Decreases in cost of production (increase in productivity) as output (q) of industry increases. • Examples: • Improved transport and communication links. • Training and education becomes tailored to the industry (i.e. improved quality workers). • Development of support firms and industries.

  14. Revenue • Total Revenue (TR ) = Quantity sold times price; P x Q • Average Revenue (AR) = TR/Q; (in perfect competition this is P.) • Marginal Revenue (MR) = MR = ( ∆TR / ∆ Q ).

  15. Revenue Q TR AR MR 1 8 8 8 2 15 7.5 7 3 21 7 6 4 26 6.5 5 5 30 6 4

  16. Seminar Topic 3 • Explain Why Marginal Costs Must Equal Marginal Revenue for Profit Maximisation.

  17. Profit Maximisation • Profit (P )= TR – TC • Largest when MR=MC. • Intuition: • If MC>MR then TC is increasing quicker than TR. Hence profit is decreasing. • If MR>MC then an increase in Q will increase TR more than TC. Hence profit could be increased by producing more.

  18. Profit Maximisation Rule –Numerical Example

  19. Profit Maximisation Rule –Numerical Example (slight variant MC=MR)

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