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OFDM, Mobile Software Development Framework

OFDM, Mobile Software Development Framework. 9/27/2012 Y. Richard Yang. Admin. Homework 2 to be posted by Friday Start to think about project. Recap. Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI) Handle band limit ISI Handle multipath ISI Viterbi

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OFDM, Mobile Software Development Framework

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  1. OFDM, Mobile Software Development Framework 9/27/2012 Y. Richard Yang

  2. Admin. • Homework 2 to be posted by Friday • Start to think about project

  3. Recap • Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI) • Handle band limit ISI • Handle multipath ISI • Viterbi • problems: Its complexity grows exponentially with D (the number of multipaths taps relative to the symbol time) • Q: how to reduce D?

  4. OFDM: Basic Idea • Uses multiple carriers modulation (MCM) • each carrier (called a subcarrier) uses a low symbol rate • for N parallel subcarriers, the symbol time can be N times longer • spread symbols across multiple subcarriers • also gains frequency diversity

  5. Benefit of Symbol Rate on ISI 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4

  6. Multiple Carrier Modulation

  7. Multiple Carrier Modulation (MCM): Problem • Despite wave shaping, there can be leak from one subcarrier to another subcarrier • Conventional design: guard bands to avoid interference among subcarriers • Guard band wastes spectrum j i

  8. Objective: Avoid subcarrier interference • Interference of subcarrier i on subcarrier j • Assume no pulse wave shaping, matched filter j i Condition for the interference to be always 0?

  9. Objective: Avoid subcarrier interference • if integer number of cycles in [0, T] # cycles in T is T * f => T * f = integer

  10. OFDM Key Idea: Orthogonal Subcarriers • Each subcarrier frequency is chosen so that an integral number of cycles in a symbol period, i.e., • subcarrier freq = k 1/T They do not need to have the same phase, so long integral number of cycles in symbol time T !

  11. OFDM Modulation

  12. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing • OFDM allows overlapping subcarriers frequencies http://www1.linksys.com/products/images/ofdm.gif 802.11a

  13. OFDM Implementation • Take N symbols and place one symbol on each subcarrier (freq.) • Q: complexity of the implementation strategy? Freq0 FreqN-1

  14. OFDM: Implementation Issue • Hardware implementation can be expensive if we use one oscillator for each subcarrier • Software implementation requires N multiplications per time output => N2 multi. per N outputs Freq0 FreqN-1

  15. OFDM: Key Idea 2 • Consider data as coefficients in the frequency domain, use inverse Fourier transform to generate time-domain sequence • Assume N outputs per symbol time T, fsc=1/T

  16. channel OFDM Implementation: FFT

  17. OFDM Implementation • Parallel data streams are used as inputs to an IFFT • IFFT does multiplexing and modulation in one step !

  18. Guard Interval: Removing ISI • Orthogonal subcarriers remove inter-carrier interference • Slow symbol rate reduces inter-symbol interference, but may still have ISI • Basic idea of GI: skip the first part “damaged” signal 1 1 2 2 More details: Chap. 13.1.4 Gast

  19. OFDM Guard Interval http://www.dsplog.com/2008/02/17/cylcic-prefix-in-orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexing/

  20. OFDM Implementation http://proquest.safaribooksonline.com/0596100523?tocview=true

  21. Example: 802.11a Physical Channels channel# 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 5150 5180 5200 5220 5240 5260 5280 5300 5320 5350 [MHz] center frequency = 5000 + 5*channel number [MHz] 149 153 157 161 channel# 5725 5745 5765 5785 5805 5825 [MHz]

  22. OFDM in 802.11a • Use OFDM to divide each physical channel (20 MHz):20M/64=312.5 KHz each • Subcarrier frequency spacing 312.5KHz • 1/312.5KHz = 3.2us • 64 samples FFT • 16 samples Guard Interval http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/download/802.11a-1999.pdf

  23. Other Multipath Techniques • There are other techniques to handle multipath such as Rake Receiver • See backup slides for somedetails

  24. Summary of PHY

  25. Wireless PHY PHY http://setemagali.com/2009/10/12/climbing-the-mountain-everyday/

  26. Big Picture Applications Wireless/Mobile Application Development Framework Foundational Services: Communications, Location, Service Discovery,UI/Media, Power Management, Security

  27. Overview • Mobile/Wireless software development framework for mobile wireless applications is a quite large topic • We have already seen Gnuradio as an example framework • We will cover more examples • TinyOS, J2ME, Android, IOS • Approach for designing/evaluating each software development framework: • Focus on the key concepts introduced by each framework

  28. Outline • Admin and recap • Mobile/wireless development framework • GNURadio

  29. GNURadio: Design Objective • A software development toolkit that provides signal processing blocks to implement software-defined radio systems.

  30. Outline • Admin and recap • Mobile/wireless development framework • GNURadio • Hardware setting

  31. GNURadio Hardware Arch Hardware Frontend Host Computer RF Frontend (Daugtherboard) ADC/DAC and Digital Frontend (USRP) GNU Radio Software http://mobiledevices.kom.aau.dk/fileadmin/mobiledevices/teaching/software_testing/Gnu_radio_lecture.pdf

  32. Outline • Admin and recap • Mobile/wireless development framework • GNURadio • Hardware setting • Software concepts

  33. Basic Software Concepts • Block • Flow graph

  34. Basic Software Concepts • http://gnuradio.org/doc/doxygen/classgr__block.html • gr_basic_block (name, in/out signature, msg queue) • gr_block (Leaf block; key functions forecast/general_work) • Example: http://www.gnu.org/software/gnuradio/doc/howto-write-a-block.html • gr_hier_block2 (container block; key functions: connect/disconnect/lock/unlock) • gr_top_block (flow graph; start/stop/wait)

  35. Software/Execution Model PythonApplication developmentFlow graph construction • Software model • Python • Application management (e.g., GUI) • Flow graph construction • Non-streaming code (e.g., MAC-layer) • C++ • Signal processing blocks • Certain routines also coded in assembly • Execution model • Python thread for each top_block C++Signal processing blocks Discussion: benefits/issues of the hybrid software structure?

  36. Summary: GNURadio • Interesting/key software design techniques you learned from GNURadio?

  37. Outline • Admin and recap • Mobile/wireless development framework • GNURadio • Hardware setting • Software concepts • TinyOS

  38. Design Goal • A free and open source component based operating system and platform targeting wireless sensor networks (WSNs) • Example app • Environment monitoring, e.g., • measure temperature, lighting values/events • periodically transmit measurements/events to a base station • forward data for other nodes that are out of range of the base station • … http://www.tinyos.net/tinyos-1.x/doc/tutorial/

  39. Hardware • Assembled from off-the-shelf components • 4Mhz, 8bit MCU (ATMEL) • 512 bytes RAM, 8KB ROM • Devices • serial Port • temperature sensor & light sensor • 900Mhz Radio (RF monolithics) • 10-100 ft. range • LED outputs 1.5” x 1.5”

  40. Schematic Diagram of a Mote

  41. Outline • Admin and recap • Mobile/wireless development framework • GNURadio • Hardware setting • Software concepts • TinyOS • Hardware setting • Software concepts

  42. Requirements on Software Dev. Framework • Flexible configuration of attached devices • Small foot print • devices have limited memory and power resources

  43. TinyOS: Software Concept • TinyOS: Generate customized OS + application for each given scenario • support one application at a time but flexible reprogramming

  44. Schematic Diagram

  45. TinyOS: Software Concepts • A TinyOS consists of one or more componentslinked together • software components motivated by hardware component • Each component specifies that • it provides some interfaces • allows other components to control it • also uses some interfaces • control other components

  46. Interface A uses interfaces I1 and I2 • An interface declares • a set of functions called commandsthat provider must implement • another set of functions called events that the interface user must implement I2 I1 commands events commands events B provides I1 C provides I2 C provides I3

  47. Interface: Examples StdControl.ncinterface StdControl {  command result_t init();  command result_t start();  command result_t stop();} Timer.nc interface Timer { command result_t start( chartype, uint32_t interval); command result_t stop(); event result_t fired(); } ADC.nc interface ADC { async command result_t getdata(); async command result_t getContinuousData(); event result_t dataReady(uint 16_t data); }

  48. Backup Slides

  49. Rake Receiver

  50. Multipath Diversity: Rake Receiver • Instead of considering delay spread as an issue, use multipath signals to recover the original signal • Used in IS-95 CDMA, 3G CDMA, and 802.11 • Invented by Price and Green in 1958 • R. Price and P. E. Green, "A communication technique for multipath channels," Proc. of the IRE, pp. 555--570, 1958

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