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International Business

This article explores the relationship between international business and GDP ratios from 1978 to 2002, highlighting the increasing liberalization of global markets. It analyzes how Relative Unit Labour Cost (RULC), productivity, and labour costs have evolved during this period. The piece delves into the dynamics of globalization, discussing the emergence of new markets, actors, and rules, and contrasts perspectives on global integration versus fragmentation. It also includes insights on transnationality and a ranking of the world's top multinational enterprises (MNEs) based on their foreign assets.

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International Business

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  1. International Business

  2. Exports to GDP ratios (%), 1978–2002

  3. Increasing liberalisation of global markets

  4. Measuring International Competitiveness Relative Unit Labour Cost (RULC) Relative Labour Cost Relative Exchange Relative Labour Productivity Rate

  5. Labour costs and labour productivity 2002

  6. Shrinking space Shrinking time Disappearing borders New markets New actors New rules and norms New tools of communication Globalisation

  7. Subject based: economists; political scientists; sociologists; international relations specialists Universalisation versus particularisation Homogenisation versus differentiation Integration versus fragmentation Hyperglobalists versus transformationalists Perspectives on globalisation

  8. Loss of competence Loss of autonomy Loss of legitimacy Globalisation and the nation state

  9. Transnationality Index (TNI) TNI is the average of three ratios: Foreign sales : total sales Foreign employment: total employment Foreign assets : total assets Ranking multination enterprises (MNEs)

  10. World’s top five multinationals ranked by TNI (and foreign assets ratio)

  11. TNI for the world’s largest 100 MNEs in their home economies 1990 and 2000

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