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Boundless Teaching Platform - Customizable Textbooks and Intuitive Tools for Educators

Boundless empowers educators with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The Boundless Teaching Platform allows educators to customize textbooks in over 20 subjects, assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and access pre-made teaching resources.

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Boundless Teaching Platform - Customizable Textbooks and Intuitive Tools for Educators

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  1. Boundless Lecture Slides Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  2. Using Boundless Presentations Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Get started now at: • The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. http://boundless.com/teaching-platform • Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. If you have any questions or problems please email: educators@boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  3. About Boundless • Boundless is an innovative technology company making education more affordable and accessible for students everywhere. The company creates the world’s best open educational content in 20+ subjects that align to more than 1,000 popular college textbooks. Boundless integrates learning technology into all its premium books to help students study more efficiently at a fraction of the cost of traditional textbooks. The company also empowers educators to engage their students more effectively through customizable books and intuitive teaching tools as part of the Boundless Teaching Platform. More than 2 million learners access Boundless free and premium content each month across the company’s wide distribution platforms, including its website, iOS apps, Kindle books, and iBooks. To get started learning or teaching with Boundless, visit boundless.com. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  4. Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability Mendel's Experiments and Heredity Patterns of Inheritance Laws of Inheritance ] Mendel's Experiments and Heredity Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  5. Mendel's Experiments and Heredity > Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability • Introduction to Mendelian Inheritance • Mendel’s Model System • Mendelian Crosses • Garden Pea Characteristics Revealed the Basics of Heredity • Rules of Probability for Mendelian Inheritance Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/mendel-s-experiments-and-heredity-12/mendel-s-experiments-and-the-laws-of-probability-94/

  6. Mendel's Experiments and Heredity > Patterns of Inheritance Patterns of Inheritance • Genes as the Unit of Heredity • Phenotypes and Genotypes • The Punnett Square Approach for a Monohybrid Cross • Alternatives to Dominance and Recessiveness • Sex-Linked Traits • Lethal Inheritance Patterns Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/mendel-s-experiments-and-heredity-12/patterns-of-inheritance-95/

  7. Mendel's Experiments and Heredity > Laws of Inheritance Laws of Inheritance • Mendel's Laws of Heredity • Mendel's Law of Dominance • Mendel's Law of Segregation • Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment • Genetic Linkage and Violation of the Law of Independent Assortment • Epistasis Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/mendel-s-experiments-and-heredity-12/laws-of-inheritance-96/

  8. Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  9. Mendel's Experiments and Heredity Key terms • alleleone of a number of alternative forms of the same gene occupying a given position on a chromosome • alleleone of a number of alternative forms of the same gene occupying a given position on a chromosome • carrierA person or animal that transmits a disease to others without itself contracting the disease. • chromosomea structure in the cell nucleus that contains DNA, histone protein, and other structural proteins • codominancea condition in which both alleles of a gene pair in a heterozygote are fully expressed, with neither one being dominant or recessive to the other • dominanta relationship between alleles of a gene, in which one allele masks the expression (phenotype) of another allele at the same locus • dominanta relationship between alleles of a gene, in which one allele masks the expression (phenotype) of another allele at the same locus • dominant lethalan inheritance pattern is one in which an allele is lethal both in the homozygote and the heterozygote; this allele can only be transmitted if the lethality phenotype occurs after reproductive age • epistasisthe modification of the expression of a gene by another unrelated one • filialof a generation or generations descending from a specific previous one • genea unit of heredity; the functional units of chromosomes that determine specific characteristics by coding for specific proteins • geneticsthe branch of biology that deals with the transmission and variation of inherited characteristics, in particular chromosomes and DNA Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  10. Mendel's Experiments and Heredity • geneticsThe branch of biology that deals with the transmission and variation of inherited characteristics, in particular chromosomes and DNA. • genotypethe combination of alleles, situated on corresponding chromosomes, that determines a specific trait of an individual, such as "Aa" or "aa" • genotypethe specific genetic information of a cell or organism, usually a description of the allele or alleles relating to a specific gene. • hemizygousHaving some single copies of genes in an otherwise diploid cell or organism. • heterozygousof an organism which has two different alleles of a given gene • heterozygousof an organism which has two different alleles of a given gene • homozygousof an organism in which both copies of a given gene have the same allele • homozygousof an organism in which both copies of a given gene have the same allele • hybridoffspring resulting from cross-breeding different entities, e.g. two different species or two purebred parent strains • incomplete dominancea condition in which the phenotype of the heterozygous genotype is distinct from and often intermediate to the phenotypes of the homozygous genotypes • independent assortmentseparate genes for separate traits are passed independently of one another from parents to offspring • law of segregationa diploid individual possesses a pair of alleles for any particular trait and each parent passes one of these randomly to its offspring Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  11. Mendel's Experiments and Heredity • linkagethe property of genes of being inherited together • monohybrida hybrid between two species that only have a difference of one gene • mutationany heritable change of the base-pair sequence of genetic material • parentalof the generation of organisms that produce a hybrid • phenotypethe appearance of an organism based on a multifactorial combination of genetic traits and environmental factors, especially used in pedigrees • phenotypethe observable characteristics of an organism, often resulting from its genetic information or a combination of genetic information and environmental factors • probabilitya number, between 0 and 1, expressing the precise likelihood of an event happening • product rulethe probability of two independent events occurring together can be calculated by multiplying the individual probabilities of each event occurring alone • Punnett squarea graphical representation used to determine the probability of an offspring expressing a particular genotype • recessiveable to be covered up by a dominant trait • recessiveable to be covered up by a dominant trait • recessive lethalan inheritance pattern in which an allele is only lethal in the homozygous form and in which the heterozygote may be normal or have some altered non-lethal phenotype Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  12. Mendel's Experiments and Heredity • recombinationthe formation of genetic combinations in offspring that are not present in the parents • sex chromosomesA chromosome involved with determining the sex of an organism, typically one of two kinds. • sum rulethe probability of the occurrence of one event or the other event, of two mutually exclusive events, is the sum of their individual probabilities • true-breeding planta plant that always produces offspring of the same phenotype when self-fertilized; one that is homozygous for the trait being followed. • X-linkedAssociated with the X chromosome. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  13. Mendel's Experiments and Heredity Human male karyotype A human males possesses XY chromosomes, as seen in the bottom left of this karyotype. The Y chromosome is much shorter than the X chromosome, unlike all of the other homologous chromosome pairs. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Human_male_karyotpe_high_resolution.jpg."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Human_male_karyotpe_high_resolution.jpgView on Boundless.com

  14. Mendel's Experiments and Heredity Appearance and genetic makeup of garden pea plant flowers Based on Mendel's experiments, the genotype of the pea flowers could be determined from the phenotypes of the flowers. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Punnett square mendel flowers."CC BY-SA 3.0http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Punnett_square_mendel_flowers.svgView on Boundless.com

  15. Mendel's Experiments and Heredity Gregor Mendel Gregor Johann Mendel was a German-speaking Moravian scientist and Augustinian friar who gained posthumous fame as the founder of the modern science of genetics. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Gregor_Mendel.png."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gregor_Mendel.pngView on Boundless.com

  16. Mendel's Experiments and Heredity Independent assortment of 3 genes The forked-line method can be used to analyze a trihybrid cross. Here, the probability for color in the F2 generation occupies the top row (3 yellow:1 green). The probability for shape occupies the second row (3 round:1 wrinked), and the probability for height occupies the third row (3 tall:1 dwarf). The probability for each possible combination of traits is calculated by multiplying the probability for each individual trait. Thus, the probability of F2 offspring having yellow, round, and tall traits is 3 × 3 × 3, or 27. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Laws of Inheritance. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44479/latest/Figure_12_03_03.jpgView on Boundless.com

  17. Mendel's Experiments and Heredity Unlinked genes assort independently This figure shows all possible combinations of offspring resulting from a dihybrid cross of pea plants that are heterozygous for the tall/dwarf and inflated/constricted alleles. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Laws of Inheritance. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44479/latest/Figure_12_03_06_new.jpgView on Boundless.com

  18. Mendel's Experiments and Heredity Punnett square analysis of a monohytbrid cross In the P generation, pea plants that are true-breeding for the dominant yellow phenotype are crossed with plants with the recessive green phenotype. This cross produces F1 heterozygotes with a yellow phenotype. Punnett square analysis can be used to predict the genotypes of the F2 generation. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Characteristics and Traits. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44478/latest/Figure_12_02_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  19. Mendel's Experiments and Heredity Example of incomplete dominance These pink flowers of a heterozygote snapdragon result from incomplete dominance. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Characteristics and Traits. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44478/latest/Figure_12_02_04.jpgView on Boundless.com

  20. Mendel's Experiments and Heredity Example of multiple alleles for rabbit coat color Four different alleles exist for the rabbit coat color (C) gene. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Characteristics and Traits. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44478/latest/Figure_12_02_05.jpgView on Boundless.com

  21. Mendel's Experiments and Heredity Effects of Huntington's disease on neurons The neuron in the center of this micrograph (yellow) has nuclear inclusions characteristic of Huntington's disease (orange area in the center of the neuron). Huntington's disease occurs when an abnormal dominant allele for the Huntington gene is present. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Characteristics and Traits. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44478/latest/Figure_12_02_10.jpgView on Boundless.com

  22. Mendel's Experiments and Heredity Epistasis in mouse coat color In mice, the mottled agouti coat color (A) is dominant to a solid coloration, such as black or gray. A gene at a separate locus (C) is responsible for pigment production. The recessive c allele does not produce pigmentnand a mouse with the homozygous recessive cc genotype is albino regardless of the allele present at the A locus. Thus, the C gene is epistatic to the A gene. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Laws of Inheritance. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44479/latest/Figure_12_03_05.jpgView on Boundless.com

  23. Mendel's Experiments and Heredity Gene pairs enable genetic combinations A child will inherit half of its genes (one of each of its 23 pairs) from its mother and the other half from its father. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."BenToddJealousFamily."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BenToddJealousFamily.jpgView on Boundless.com

  24. Mendel's Experiments and Heredity The Law of Segregation states that alleles segregate randomly into gametes When gametes are formed, each allele of one parent segregates randomly into the gametes, such that half of the parent's gametes carry each allele. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Autorecessive."CC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Autorecessive.svgView on Boundless.com

  25. Mendel's Experiments and Heredity Mendel's Experiments With Peas Experimenting with thousands of garden peas, Mendel uncovered the fundamentals of genetics. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Introduction. November 1, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44474/latest/Figure_12_00_01new.jpgView on Boundless.com

  26. Mendel's Experiments and Heredity Results of Mendel's Garden Pea Hybridizations Mendel conducted thousands of experiments and found the same ratios of offspring every time, regardless of which trait he examined. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability. November 1, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44476/latest/#tab-ch12-01-01View on Boundless.com

  27. Mendel's Experiments and Heredity Independent assortment of 2 genes This dihybrid cross of pea plants involves the genes for seed color and texture. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Laws of Inheritance. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44479/latest/Figure_12_03_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  28. Mendel's Experiments and Heredity Eye color in Drosophila is an example of a X-linked trait In Drosophila, the gene for eye color is located on the X chromosome. Clockwise from top left are brown, cinnabar, sepia, vermilion, white, and red. Red eye color is wild-type and is dominant to white eye color. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Characteristics and Traits. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44478/latest/Figure_12_02_08.jpgView on Boundless.com

  29. Mendel's Experiments and Heredity Inheritance of a recessive X-linked disorder The son of a woman who is a carrier of a recessive X-linked disorder will have a 50 percent chance of being affected. A daughter will not be affected, but she will have a 50 percent chance of being a carrier like her mother. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. November 3, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44478/latest/?collection=col11448/latestView on Boundless.com

  30. Mendel's Experiments and Heredity Recessive traits are only visible if an individual inherits two copies of the recessive allele The child in the photo expresses albinism, a recessive trait. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Laws of Inheritance. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44479/latest/Figure_12_03_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  31. Mendel's Experiments and Heredity Mendel's Pea Plants In one of his experiments on inheritance patterns, Mendel crossed plants that were true-breeding for violet flower color with plants true-breeding for white flower color (the P generation). The resulting hybrids in the F1 generation all had violet flowers. In the F2 generation, approximately three-quarters of the plants had violet flowers, and one-quarter had white flowers. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability. October 30, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44476/latest/View on Boundless.com

  32. Mendel's Experiments and Heredity Example of a test cross A test cross can be performed to determine whether an organism expressing a dominant trait is a homozygote or a heterozygote. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. November 3, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44478/latest/?collection=col11448/latestView on Boundless.com

  33. Mendel's Experiments and Heredity Punnett square analysis of Drosophila eye color Punnett square analysis is used to determine the ratio of offspring from a cross between a red-eyed male fruit fly (XWY) and a white-eyed female fruit fly (XwXw). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Characteristics and Traits. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44478/latest/Figure_12_02_09.jpgView on Boundless.com

  34. Mendel's Experiments and Heredity Mendelian crosses In one of his experiments on inheritance patterns, Mendel crossed plants that were true-breeding for violet flower color with plants true-breeding for white flower color (the P generation). The resulting hybrids in the F1 generation all had violet flowers. In the F2 generation, approximately three-quarters of the plants had violet flowers, and one-quarter had white flowers. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. November 1, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44476/latest/?collection=col11448/latestView on Boundless.com

  35. Mendel's Experiments and Heredity Role of probability in segregation of alleles and fertilization In a genetic cross, the probability of the dominant trait being expressed is dependent upon its frequency. In this case, both parents possessed a dominant and a recessive gene for the trait of flower color. The dominant trait is expressed in 3/4 of the offspring and the recessive trait is expressed in 1/4. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Punnett square mendel flowers."CC BY-SA 3.0http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Punnett_square_mendel_flowers.svgView on Boundless.com

  36. Mendel's Experiments and Heredity Mendelian Crosses In one of his experiments on inheritance patterns, Mendel crossed plants that were true-breeding for violet flower color with plants true-breeding for white flower color (the P generation). The resulting hybrids in the F1 generation all had violet flowers. In the F2 generation, approximately three-quarters of the plants had violet flowers, while one-quarter had white flowers. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44476/latest/Figure_12_01_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  37. Mendel's Experiments and Heredity Example of a mutant allele interfering with the function of a wild-type gene As seen in comparing the wild-type Drosophila (left) and the Antennapedia mutant (right), the Antennapedia mutant has legs on its head in place of antennae. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Characteristics and Traits. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44478/latest/Figure_12_02_06.jpgView on Boundless.com

  38. Mendel's Experiments and Heredity Linked genes can be separated by recombination The process of crossover, or recombination, occurs when two homologous chromosomes align during meiosis and exchange a segment of genetic material. Here, the alleles for gene C were exchanged. The result is two recombinant and two non-recombinant chromosomes. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Laws of Inheritance. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44479/latest/Figure_12_03_04.jpgView on Boundless.com

  39. Mendel's Experiments and Heredity Color perception in different types of color blindness In this chart you can see what people with different types of color blindness can see versus the normal color vision line at top. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Colour_perception_in_different_types_of_colour_blindness.svg/512px-Colour_perception_in_different_types_of_colour_blindness.svg.png."CC BY-SA 4.0https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Colour_perception_in_different_types_of_colour_blindness.svg/512px-Colour_perception_in_different_types_of_colour_blindness.svg.pngView on Boundless.com

  40. Mendel's Experiments and Heredity Attribution • OpenStax CNX."Mapping Genomes."CC BY-SA 3.0http://cnx.org/contents/GFy_h8cu@9.87:Qq6Y1A16@5/Mapping-Genomes • Wikipedia."Gregor Mendel."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel • Wiktionary."genetics."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/genetics • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44474/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."genotype."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/genotype • Wiktionary."phenotype."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/phenotype • Wikipedia."true-breeding."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/true-breeding • Wikibooks."Human Physiology/Genetics and inheritance."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/Genetics_and_inheritance • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44476/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."parental."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/parental • Wiktionary."filial."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/filial • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44476/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."hybrid."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hybrid • Wiktionary."recessive."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/recessive • Wikipedia."dominant."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/dominant • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44476/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/sum-rule Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  41. Mendel's Experiments and Heredity • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/product-rule • Wiktionary."probability."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/probability • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44476/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."genotype."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/genotype • Wiktionary."phenotype."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/phenotype • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. November 1, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44476/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44478/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."Punnett square."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Punnett_square • Wiktionary."heterozygous."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/heterozygous • Wiktionary."homozygous."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/homozygous • Wiktionary."monohybrid."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/monohybrid • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44478/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."codominance."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/codominance • Wikipedia."Incomplete dominance."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incomplete_dominance%23Incomplete_and_semi-dominance • Wiktionary."allele."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/allele • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44478/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wikipedia."Sex-determination systems."CC BY-SAhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex-determination_system • Wiktionary."carrier."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/carrier • Wiktionary."X-linked."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/X-linked Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  42. Mendel's Experiments and Heredity • Wiktionary."hemizygous."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hemizygous • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44478/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/dominant-lethal • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/recessive-lethal • Wiktionary."mutation."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mutation • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44478/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."genetics."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/genetics • Wiktionary."chromosome."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chromosome • Wiktionary."gene."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gene • Wikibooks."Human Physiology/Genetics and inheritance."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/Genetics_and_inheritance • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44479/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."recessive."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/recessive • Wikipedia."dominant."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/dominant • Wikipedia."Dominance (genetics)."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_(genetics) • Wikipedia."Recessive."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recessive • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44479/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wikipedia."law of segregation."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/law%20of%20segregation • Wikibooks."Structural Biochemistry/Foundation of Genetics."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structural_Biochemistry/Foundation_of_Genetics • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44479/latest/?collection=col11448/latest Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  43. Mendel's Experiments and Heredity • Wikipedia."independent assortment."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/independent%20assortment • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44479/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."recombination."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/recombination • Wiktionary."linkage."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/linkage • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44479/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."epistasis."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/epistasis • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44479/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."allele."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/allele • Wiktionary."heterozygous."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/heterozygous • Wiktionary."homozygous."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/homozygous • OpenStax CNX."Le Dinh Luong, Genetics in Clasical Understanding. October 30, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m26573/latest/ Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

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