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Foreign Policy. The President and Congress. Foreign policy is a shared responsibility of the President and Congress. The system of checks and balances applies The President is commander-in-chief/Congress appropriates the money and declares war The President makes treaties/Senate ratifies them
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The President and Congress • Foreign policy is a shared responsibility of the President and Congress. • The system of checks and balances applies • The President is commander-in-chief/Congress appropriates the money and declares war • The President makes treaties/Senate ratifies them • The President appoints ambassadors/Congress approves them • President is primarily responsible for conducting foreign policy • We can see the importance placed on the President’s role in foreign policy by the extensive support for that role within the executive branch • However, there have been significant actions taken by Congress to limit the President’s power
Checks on Presidential Power • The power of the purse • Limit in military spending • Congress also limits the president’s ability to give military or economic aid to other countries • Legislative oversight • House and Senate intelligence committees must be fully informed including covert operations • War Powers Act of 1973 • Any commitment of troops in hostile situations must be reported within forty-eight hours • Over sixty day commitment requires a declaration of war or statutory authorization • Generally ignored by the President; questions about contitutionality
Foreign Policymakers • Secretary of State • Cabinet official responsible for foreign affairs • Other Cabinet officials • Foreign policy affects domestic policy, so other Cabinet secretaries (Commerce, Treasury, Defense, Agriculture) also have input • National Security Council • President, vice-president, Secretaries of State and Treasury, head of CIA, National Security Advisor, chair of Joint Chiefs of Staff, others • Coordinates policies that affect national security • National Security Adviser may have more influence than the Secretary of State (e.g., Nixon/Kissinger; Bush/Condi) • Physically closer to the President; loyalty to President alone • Department of Homeland Security • State Department and Foreign Service • Day-to-day management of foreign policy • CIA • NSA
Influences on Foreign Policy • Public Opinion • Most of the public (75%) is relatively unaware of foreign policy except during a crisis • Attentive public (20%) is aware and interested • Opinion makers (journalists, gov’t officials, “think tank” reserachers, professors) are aware and influence the other two groups. • Public tends to support the president in crisis situations • Since World War II, the public has generally felt the U.S. should play an important role in world affairs
Influences on Foreign Policy • Domestic Interest Groups • “Think Tanks” such as Rand Corporation, Council on Foreign Affairs, Hudson Institute • Ethnic organizations such as American Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee, American-Israeli PAC • Foreign nations’ lobbyists • Many nations hire lobbyists to represent their interests in Washington • Political parties • The tradition has been for a bipartisan foreign policy, one that is united and not torn apart by party differences • Containment of communist aggression, Vietnam War, Gulf War, war on terrorism, and war in Iraq (initially)
An Overview of American Foreign Policy • Isolationism • Foreign policy where the U.S. tries to stay our of other nation’s conflicts, especially in Europe. • Monroe Doctrine • World War I ended this policy briefly, but U.S. returned until World War II • Containment • Postwar response to resist the threat of Soviet expansionism without direct confrontation • Truman Doctrine; Marshall Plan; NATO • Used as justification in involvement in Korean War, Vietnam War
An Overview of American Foreign Policy • Détente • “unfreezing” or “thawing out” of geo-political tensions between U.S. and Soviet Union • Responsible for SALT I, Helsinki Accords, SALT II talks • Began during Vietnam, surrogate wars between the two powers continued around the world • Ended with the 1980 invasion of Afghanistan, boycott of Moscow Olympics, and election of Ronald Reagan
An Overview of American Foreign Policy • Reagan Rearmament • Rollback of Soviet expansionism; massive defense spending that had been declining since the 1950s • Support Third World countries fighting communist influences (Iran-Contra Affair) • Credited as an influence in the collapse of the Soviet Union – 1991 • War on Terror • Highest priority of Bush administration post-9/11 • Punish terrorists and hostile states; preemptive action; idealistic spread of liberty and hope – “Bush Doctrine”
Foreign Policy Considerations Today • Terrorism • Nuclear proliferation • Economy • Human Rights
The Defense Budget • Changes in spending reflect public opinion and general support for a large military • Post-Soviet world caused debate about cutting defense spending • Desert Storm and Kosovo demonstrated the necessity of U.S. military force