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Properties and Classification of Alcohols

This informative text explores the properties and classification of alcohols, including methanol, ethanol, propan-1-ol, propan-2-ol, butan-1-ol, and butan-2-ol. It discusses their physical properties, solubility, comparison with water, and uses in various industries.

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Properties and Classification of Alcohols

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  1. Alcohols

  2. Alcohols • Methanol CH3OH • Ethanol C2H5OH • Propan-1-ol C3H7OH • Propan-2-ol C3H7OH • Butan-1-ol C4H9OH • Butan-2-ol C4H9OH

  3. Methanol CH3OH

  4. Ethanol C2H5OH

  5. Propan-1-ol C3H7OH

  6. Butan-1-ol C4H9OH

  7. Propan-2-ol CH3CH(OH)CH3

  8. Butan-2-ol CH3CH(OH)C3H7

  9. Classification of alcohols • Primary alcohol: contains one carbon atom directly attached to the carbon that contains the hydroxyl group, e.g. propan-1-ol

  10. 2. Secondary alcohol: contains two carbon atoms directly attached to the carbon that contains the hydroxyl group, e.g. propan-2-ol

  11. Physical properties • Physical state: Liquid • Boiling points much higher than the corresponding alkanes, due to polar OH group

  12. Physical properties Solubility of methanol in • (i) cyclohexane – not very soluble methanol is polar cyclohexane is not • (ii) water - completely soluble because it is polar. • As alcohol molecule gets bigger the polar part becomes less significant so the alcohol becomes less soluble in water and more soluble in cyclohexane

  13. Butan-1-ol is • (i) soluble in cyclohexane • (ii) not very soluble in water • The polar OH group is becoming less significant as the molecule gets bigger

  14. Comparison with water • Both have polar OH groups • Alcohols have a non-polar part • Both form hydrogen bonds between their molecules • Water is more polar and has a greater capacity to form hydrogen bonds and so has a higher boiling point than methanol or ethanol

  15. Methanol • Methanol: is toxic (can cause blindness, insanity and death) • It is added to industrial alcohol to prevent people drinking it. This mixture is called methylated spirits. • The methanol acts as a denaturing agent– it renders a substance unfit for purpose without destroying the usefulness or applications of the substance. A purple dye is often added as a warning.

  16. Ethanol • Ethanol: is produced by fermentation. Fruits provide the sugar and yeast may need to be added. • The enzyme zymase in yeast catalyses the reaction. C6H12O62C2H5OH + 2CO2

  17. Alcoholic Drinks

  18. Ethanol • To produce drinks of higher alcohol concentration the fermented liquids must be distilled. • Spirits (whiskey, brandy, gin, vodka) contain 40% alcohol.

  19. Gasohol • Ethanol obtained from sugar cane is used for making gasohol in Brazil. This is then used as a fuel.

  20. Uses of ethanol • Alcoholic drinks • Fuel • Solvent (can dissolve both polar and non-polar solutes)

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