PREVENTION AND EARLY DETECTION OF CANCER

1. PREVENTION AND EARLY DETECTION OF CANCER DR.JOYDEEP DAS.M.D. DR.B.BOROOAH CANECR INSTITUTE GOPINATH NAGAR, GUWAHATI

2. INTRODUCTION • CANCER IS PREVENTABLE • 80 – 90% CANCER ARE DUE TO OUR HABITS AND ACTIVITIES • CANCER INVOLVES ALMOST EVERY PARTS OF THE BODY • CANCER CELLS MULTIPLY IN AN UNCONTROLLABLE & HAPAZARD MANNER

3. SCENARIO • CANCER IS THE CAUSE OF 12% OF ALL DEATHS • IN INDIA 1.5 – 2 MILLION ESTIMATED CANCER CASES AT ANY POINT OF TIME • EVERY YEAR 8 LAKHS NEW CASES ARE DETECTED IN INDIA • EVERY YEAR 5.5 LAKHS CANCER PATIENTS DIE IN OUR COUNTRY

4. FACTS ABOUT CANCER • 70 – 80 % CANCER CASES ARE DETECTED AT LATE STAGE WHEN TREATMENT IS NOT POSSIBLE • EARLY DETECTION OF CANCER HELPS IN COMPLETE CURE OF SOME CANCER • PREVENTION BY TAKING SOME PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES IS THE BEST WAY TO PREVENT CANCER

5. CAUSES - TOBACCO • CIGARETTE SMOKING IS A MAJOR CAUSE OF CANCER • SMOKING MAY BE – ACTIVE OR PASSIVE – BOTH ARE HARMFUL • CONSUMPTION OF TOBACCO IN FORM OF KHAINI, ZARDA AND GHUTKA ALSO CAUSES CANCER • TOBACCO NOT ONLY CAUSES CANCER BUT ALSO OTHER DISEASES

6. CAUSES – BETELNUT • BETELNUT CONTAINS CARCINOGENS • THE NUTS KEPT BURRIED IN THE GROUND FOR LOND PERIOD LEADS TO THE GROWTH OF FUNGUS WHICH IS CARCINOGENIC • PEOPLE CONSUMING BETELNUT ALSO HAVE THE HABIT OF CONSUMING TOBACCO

7. CAUSES - ALCOHOL • ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION LEADS TO CANCER OF ORAL CAVITY, PHARYNX, LARYNX, ESOPHAGUS, STOMACH, LIVER • PEOPLE WHO DRINK ALSO SMOKES FURTHER INCREASING THE RISK OF DEVELOPING CANCER

8. CAUSES – FAT/FIBRE • HIGH INTAKE OF FAT (ANIMAL) INCREASES THE RISK OF DEVELOPING CANCER (BREAST AND COLON) • DIETARY FIBRE OF PLANT ORIGIN HAS A PROTECTIVE ROLE AGAINST CANCER

9. CAUSES – BARBEQUED FOOD • HIGH FAT AND HIGH PROTEIN FOOD WHEN GRILLED AT HIGH TEMPARATURE PRODUCES A CHEMICAL KNOWN TO BE HAVING CARCINOGENIC EFFECT • HIGHLY BROWN AND CHARRED FOOD HAS CANCER CAUSING COMPOUNDS

10. CAUSES - POLLUTION • AIR POLLUTION – MAY ALSO CAUSE CANCER (ASBESTOS) • INDUSTRIAL WORKERS ARE EXPOSED TO VARIOUS CHEMICALS WHICH ARE KNOWN TO BE CARCINOGEN

11. CAUSES – WATER POLLUTION • WATER MAY CONTAIN A NUMBER OF CANCER CAUSING SUBSTANCE AS THE INDUSTRIES DUMP CHEMICAL DIRECTLY INTO WATER OR BURRY THEM IN THE GROUND

12. CAUSES – X-RAY • X-RAYS MAY STIMULATE THE DEVELOPMENT OF CANCER • REPEATED X-RAYS SHOULD BE AVOIDED • X-RAY DONE ON PREGNANT WOMEN MAY INCREASE THE FREQUENCY OF CHILDHOOD CANCER

13. CAUSES - VIRUS • CERTAIN VIRUSES MAY CAUSE CANCER • THESE VIRUSES ARE – HEPATITIS –B & C, EPSTEIN BARR VIRUS, HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS, CMV. Etc. • THESE VIRUSES CAN BE TRANSMITTED BY BLOOD TRANSFUSION, USE OF CONTAMINATED NEEDLES, FROM MOTHER TO CHILD DURING PREGNANCY OR BREAST FEEDING AND THROUGH SEXUAL INTERCOURSE

14. CAUSES - HERIDITY • FEW CANCER LIKE RETINOBLASTOMA (EYE), COLON CANCER ARISING FROM GENETICALLY CAUSED POLYPS • EVEN BREAST CANCER AND ESOPHAGEAL CANCER

15. EARLY DETECTION OF CANCER • CANCER DEVELOPS IN THE BODY VERY SILENTLY • UNTIL IT COMES TO CERTAIN STAGE PATIENTS LEAD A NORMAL LIFE WITHOUT ANY COMPLAINTS • INITIALLY IT PRODUCES MILD SMPTOMS AS FOUND IN OTHER AILMENTS

16. WHY EARLY DETECTION IS IMPORTANT ? • DISEASE DETECTED AT EARLY STAGE PRODUCES BETTER RESULTS ON TREATMENT AND EVEN CURE • ADVANCED DISEASE SHOWS POOR RESULT ON TREATMENT • ADVANCED DISEASE LEADS TO FINANCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL BURDEN

17. HOW TO DETECT DISEASE EARLY SEVEN DANGER SIGNALS • CHANGE IN BLADDER & BOWEL HABITS • SORE THROAT NOT HEALING • UNUSUAL BLEEDING OR DISCHARGE • THICKENING OR LUMP IN BREAST OR ANYWHERE • INDIGESTION AND DIFFICULTY IN SWALLOWING • OBVIOUS CHANGE IN WAT OR MOLE • NAGGING COGH OR HOARSENESS OF VOICE

18. LARYNGEAL CANCER – WARNING SIGNS • PERSISTENT HOARSENESS • SORENESS IN RHE NECK • FELLING OF HAVING A LUMP IN THE THROAT • DIFFICULTY IN SWALLOEING RISK FACTORS – TOBACCO CONSUMPTION AND ALCOHOL INTAKE

19. ORAL CANCER – WARNING SIGNS • PERSISTENT WHITE OR RED PATCHES, USUALLY PAINLESS • ANY PERSISTENT LUMP OR SWELLING RISK FACTORS – TOBACCO CONSUMPTION AND ALCOHOL INTAKE

21. LUNG CANCER – WARNING SIGNS • CHRONIC COUGH • COUGHING OUT OF BLOOD • CHANGE IN THE VOICE • CHEST PAIN • SHORTNESS OF BREATH RISK FACTORS – SMOKING, EXPOSURE TO ASBESTOS, COAL TAR DERIVATIVES AND RADIATION

22. BREAST CANCER – WARNING SIGNS • FIRM LUMP • SMALL CHANGES IN THE NIPPLE • DISCHARGE FROM THE NIPPLE RISK FACTORS – EARLY MENSTRUATION LATE MENOPAUSE FIRST CHILD AFTER 35 YRS OF AGE CHILDLESSNESS FAMILY HISTORY - BREAST CANCER HIGH FAT & LOW FIBRE DIET

25. CERVICAL CANCER – WARNING SIGNS • ABNORMAL BLEEDING BETWEEN PERIODS • BLEEDING AFTER INTERCOURSE • PROLONGED HEAVY BLEEDING DURING MENSTRUATION RISK FACTORS - FREQUENT SEXUAL INTERCOURSE AT AN EARLY AGE, MULTIPLE SEX PARTNERS, MANY CHILDREN

26. COLORECTAL CANCER – WARNING SIGNS • BLOOD IN STOOL • FEELING OF BEING BLOATED • CHANGE IN BOWEL HABITS • CONSTIPATION

27. COLORECTAL CANCER – RISK FACTORS • AGE OVER 40 • FAMILY HISTORY • H/O INFALMATORY BOWEL DISEASE • FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS • PAST H/O OF BREAST OR OTHER REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN CANCER IN FEMALE • HIGH CONSUMPTION OF RED MEAT AND LOW FIBRE DIET

28. ESOPHAGEAL CANCER – WARNING SIGNS • DIFFICULTY IN SWALLOWING • RECURRENT INDIGESTION RISK FACTORS • SMOKING • ALCOHOL • DEFICIENCY OF VITAMINS AND MINERALS

29. MODALITIES OF TREATMENT • SURGERY • RADIOTHERAPY • CHEMOTHERAPY

30. TREATMENT - SURGERY • OLDEST TREATMENT • LOTS OF ADVANCEMENT HAVE TAKEN PLACE OVER LAST FEW YEARS • SURGERY HAS ROLE IN PREVENTION OF CANCER – REMOVAL OF NON-VITAL ORGAN • DIAGNOSIS – ASPIRATION, BIOPSY, LAPAROTOMY

31. TREATMENT - RADIOTHERAPY • WIDELY USED • TELETHERAPY – WHEN THE TUMOR IS AT A DISTANCE FROM THE SOURCE, THESE INCLUDE – COBALT-60 AND LINEAR ACCELERATOR • BRACHTHERAPY – SOURCE OF RADIATION IS CLOSE TO THE TUMOR OR WITHIN THE TUMOR

32. TREATMENT - CHEMOTHERAPY • CHEMOTHERAPY MEANS TREATMENT OF CANCER WITH DRUGS • CHEMOTHERAPY INTEREFERS WITH CELL DIVISION • USED ALONE OR IN COMBINATION WITH RADIATION OR SURGERY

33. NEWER TREATMENTS • IMMUNOTHERAPY • GENE THERAPY

34. THANK YOU