I. Jefferson’s foreign policy problems

1. I. Jefferson’s foreign policy problems • Jefferson won re-election by a landslide (without Burr); D-R grew as the nation grew. • Both Britain and France attacked U.S. ships , impressing sailors into military service.

2. Embargo Act • Jefferson got Congress to pass the Embargo Act, outlawing trade with almost all European countries. • Hurt only U.S.; NE smuggled to the British; Jefferson lost popularity

3. Native options • Early 1800s - 4 native options: • 1. accept white culture • 2. blend native/white culture • 3. return to rel. tradition (the Prophet/Prophettown) • 4. fight (Tecumseh)

4. Match ‘em • Jefferson’s victory • Impressment • Embargo act • Smuggling • The Prophet • Tecumseh • Fight the whites • Return to religious traditions • Kidnapping sailors • Western support from Louisiana Purchase

5. II. War of 1812 causes • Battle of Tippecanoe, 1811; William Henry Harrison fought at Prophetstown, burned it later. • Cause 1: Natives increased attacks, armed by British? War Hawks Clay (Ky) and Calhoun (SC) angry.

6. Cause 2: impressment • Impressment – British ships stopped American ships and impressed sailors into military service in British navy. • Most famous: the Chesapeake; 1807.

7. American problems, successes • Smaller army and navy, angry Native Americans. • U.S. attacked Canada and lost. • William Henry Harrison defeated British and Natives (killing Tecumseh) at Battle of the Thames

8. review • Name 2 causes of the War of 1812. • What was the most famous impressed ship. • What disadvantages did the U.S. have? • Where did the U.S. unsuccessfully invade? • Who was the hero of Tippecanoe, and who died there?

9. III. End of war • Superior British navy blockaded coast; attacked Washington D.C. after war with Napoleon ended • British burned capital, Madison/Dolly Madison fled

10. American heroes • British attacked Ft. McHenry at Baltimore next; Francis Scott Key witnessed its successful defense, wrote Star-Spangled Banner. • Andrew Jackson won Battle of Horseshoe Bend against Creeks in Alabama

11. War ends in stalemate • Treaty of Ghent – boundaries restored, no promises on impressment, no winner • Battle of New Orleans – Jackson, Americans, pirates, and free African-Americans defeated British in less than an hour.

12. Match ‘em • Washington D.C. • Blockade • Jackson • Francis Scott Key • Fort McHenry • Treaty of Ghent • New Orleans • Burned • No winner or promises on impressment • Horseshoe Bend

13. I. President Monroe • Hartford Convention – Federalists wanted more NE influence, considered secession • Federalists died as party; Monroe elected 1816 (4thVaPres) – Era of Good Feelings - 1 party, nationalism, ec. boom

14. American System – Henry Clay • Banking System/2nd Bank of U.S., loans to industry • Protective tariff – help U.S. industry, pay for • Internal (transportation) improvements – National Road/Cumberland Highway, canals to transport the goods

15. challenges • Panic of 1819 – London banks called in loans; American banks, Americans ruin. • Missouri Compromise – 11 free states, 11 slave states; Missouri wanted admission as slave state; negotiated by Henry Clay

16. solution • Maine admitted as free state to keep Senate balance (northern House advantage), 36’30 line drawn in Louisiana Territory. • Monroe Doctrine – 1823, Latin American countries independent; no more European colonization in W. Hemisphere

17. Review – match ‘em • Hartford Convention • Era of Good Feelings • Panic of 1819 • Missouri Compromise • Monroe Doctrine • American System • No more colonies • No slavery above line • 2nd Bank of U.S., protective tariff, internal improvements • Bank loans called in • NE Federalists made themselves irrelevant • One party, prosperity, nationalism

18. II. More nationalism • Chief Justice Marshall strengthened the Supreme Court and the national government with his decisions. • McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) – Maryland can’t tax the National Bank – Supremacy Clause, necessary and proper clause/implied powers

19. More decisions • Dartmouth College v. Woodward – Daniel Webster protected Dartmouth’s charter from New Hampshire • Gibbons v. Ogden – Gibbons’ coastal license outweighs Ogden’s NY steamboat license.

20. Setting national boundaries • Convention/Treaty of 1818 – set boundary with Canada at 49 degrees north. • Adams – Onis Treaty (1819) – got Florida from Spain (Thanks to Andrew Jackson) and set border with Spain

21. Review – match ‘em • Adams-Onis • Convention of 1818 • McCulloch v. Maryland • Gibbons v. Ogden • Dartmouth College v. Woodward • John Marshall • Nationalist Chief Justice • Set border with Canada • Got Florida, set Spanish border • New Hampshire can’t mess with college charter • National steamboat license stronger then NY license • State can’t tax national bank

22. I. Election of 1824 • Democratic-Republican splintering, no conventions: 4 Republicans running: Jackson, Adams, Crawford, Clay. • Jackson got the most votes but no majority, so decision went to House of Representatives.

23. Corrupt bargain? • Jackson, Adams, and Crawford were top 3, but Clay was Speaker of the House. • House chose Adams, who shortly named Clay as Secretary of State: charged by Jackson supporters with corrupt bargain.

24. President John Quincy Adams • His National Republican politics were unpopular: national roads, canals, universities, tariff, anti-slavery, pro- Cherokee. • The Tariff of 1828 was particularly seen as “The Tariff of Abominations” by the South

25. review • Turn around and take 1 minute to explain to someone how John Quincy Adams became President, and how his Presidency went. • Then listen to that person tell you the same thing. • See if there is anything either one of you needs to add.

26. II. Jacksonian Democracy • “Old Hickory” Andrew Jackson elected 1828, 1st Democrat, landslide election over JQ Adams. • Jackson, Democrats benefitted from states dropping property requirements for voting; 3 times as many voters; champion of “the common man; “ wild party when inaugurated

27. Spoils system/patronage • To the victor go the spoils” – political winner puts his supporters in office. • Jackson thought any common person could run the government, so why not give jobs to his friends –not as many “patronage” jobs as most think (1/5).

28. Whigs • Jackson vetoed as many bills as 1st 6 Presidents combined; vetoed Maysville Road bill because thought Kentucky should do it. • The Whig party hated “King Andrew” for taking too much power; agreed on little else

29. review • What was Jackson’s party? • How was he able to win a landslide in 1828? • What was Jackson’s practice of giving jobs to political supporters called? This seems corrupt today – why’d he do it? • What party was the Jackson haters? Why the name? • What did Whigs believe?

30. III. Jackson and the Trail of Tears • 5 civilized tribes – Cherokee, Creek, Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Seminole, tried hard to assimilate into American society. • Cherokee especially; Chief Vann owned slaves, Sequoyah developed alphabet

31. Georgia • Farmers wanted Cherokee land for growing; gold discovered in Dahlonega. • Cherokee Nation v. Georgia – Marshall ruled Cherokee were “domestic dependent nation” and couldn’t sue

32. Trail of Tears • Indian Removal Act 1830 – tribes had to move out west; Cherokee sued in Worcester v. Georgia and won: “Marshall has made his decision; let him enforce it.” • Trail of Tears – Georgia to Oklahoma, ¼ (old and children) died along the way; Cherokee had to pay for the armed accompaniment.

33. review • What were the 5 civilized tribes? • Who tried the hardest? How? • What was discovered in Dahlonega? • Explain ruling in Cherokee Nation v. Ga. • Explain ruling in Worcester v. Georgia. • What law said the Indians had to go? Where? • Who and how many died on the Trail of Tears? • What did the Cherokee have to pay for?

34. IV. Jacksonian policies • Jackson was called a bigamist in 1828 for having married Rachel before here divorce was final; she died during lame duck period. • Never forgave enemies; later fired his Cabinet for being snobs to Peggy Easton, wife of Secretary of War; relied on informal “Kitchen Cabinet.”

35. Nullification Crisis • The South hated the Tariff of 1828 – “tariff of abominations” – and nullified the Tariff of 1832. • VP Calhoun, SC, and South threatened to secede if tariff wasn’t ended – states’ rights; • Calhoun at Jefferson Day: “the union.. Next to our liberty most dear.” • Jackson: “our federal union. It must be preserved.”

36. Clay ends the crisis • Calhoun v. Jackson, who threatens to send army South to enforce tariff and hang Calhoun– Enforcement Acts • Clay’s Compromise of 1833: South agrees to pay lower tariff; nullified Enforcement Acts

37. Match ‘em • Bigamy charge • Tariff of abominations • Nullification crisis • Calhoun’s threat • Jackson’s threat • Henry Clay • South threatened nullification • Civil War • Country almost goes to war over the Tariff • Compromise of 1833: South pays lower tariff. • South would secede • Killed Rachel

38. I. Jackson and the Bank War • Whigs sent recharter of 2nd Bank of U.S. to Congress 4 years early, 1832, prior to Pres. Election. • Jackson hated Clay, vetoed the Bank on behalf of the people, and defeated Clay for President in 1832

39. Pet banks • Jackson replaced the Bank of the United States with state banks, or wildcat banks, or pet banks, run by Jackson supporters. • These banks loaned paper money to land speculators, causing inflation

40. Panic of 1837 • Specie Circular – loans had to be in gold/silver; suddenly no money flowing , caused Panic of 1837 • Jackson’s fault, but his successor Martin Van Buren paid the price for it.

41. review • Why didn’t Jackson like the 2nd Bank of the U.S.? • Who was the President of the 2nd Bank of the U.S.? • What did Jackson replace the Bank of U.S. with? • Who ran the pet banks? • What happened to the pet banks? How did this affect the economy?

42. II. Life in the Age of Jackson • Population doubled (biggest cities – NY, New Orleans, Chicago) and moved west during Jacksonian Era. • Ecology (beaver, otter, buffalo) decimated; Yellowstone Park created by first conservationist (environmentalist), George Catlin

43. 35 million immigrants to U.S. • Irish farmers fed Europe during Napoleonic Era, starved due to potato famine after • Young men took labor jobs; nativism – immigrants resented for wages and Catholicism, struggled (“paddy wagons”) then flourished through machine politics.

44. German immigrants • Push factors: failed farms or failed revolution in 1848. • Better educated Germans settled Pennsylvania, west in Wisconsin/Texas; contributed Conestaga wagon, Kentucky rifle, Christmas tree, kindergarten (children’s music), abolition, Lutheran drinking on Sunday

45. Nativist cartoons

46. Nativism over the years

47. review • What were the three biggest cities? • How was ecology damaged • Who created what national park? • What were the push factors for the Irish? • How did the Irish fare? • What were the push factors for the Germans? • Where did Germans settle? • What contributions did Germans make to American culture?

48. III. industry • U.S. industrialization slow: cheap land, scarce labor, hard to compete with Britain. • Samuel Slater brought factory system from England to U.S 1791; Whitney’s cotton gin 1793 made slavery profitable 5000% increase – “King Cotton.”

49. factories • Whitney also developed interchangeable parts: caused and won Civil War. • New England factories: rocky soil, dense population, shipping and seaports; tariff to help compete with Britain

50. labor • Long hours, low wages, 10 hour days came with suffrage; • Children, women (Lowell system), and Irish immigrants; $5 a week • cult of domesticity upon marriage – moral education