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Chapter 17 delves into Europe's significant shifts in culture and commerce during the 15th and 16th centuries. The Renaissance sparked internal developments, fostering a renewed interest in arts and sciences. This period saw the rise of humanism and individualism, reshaping societal norms. Concurrently, the Protestant Reformation challenged religious structures, prompting responses from the Catholic Church. These intertwined movements transformed Europe's role in global trade, leading to profound changes in social dynamics and economic practices.
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