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Thoughts on Transportation BCA - Linking Water and Roads

Thoughts on Transportation BCA - Linking Water and Roads. Bruce Lambert. Good morning…. Why examine linkages across modes?. More State DOT’s have a navigation role All states have other waterway resource considerations

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Thoughts on Transportation BCA - Linking Water and Roads

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  1. Thoughts on Transportation BCA - Linking Water and Roads Bruce Lambert

  2. Good morning…

  3. Why examine linkages across modes? • More State DOT’s have a navigation role • All states have other waterway resource considerations • General concerns over future of transportation activities and infrastructure demands • Will a national dialogue on all public investment in infrastructure emerge?

  4. How Can One Look At Freight? • Inventory Functions – physical characteristics, numbers of facilities, labor, equipment • Engineering – structural integrity, deterioration • Operational Reliability – delay, closures • Economical and Financial – Cost/Benefit Analysis, capital and financial resources • Traffic volumes and flows • Safety and Security • Sharing resources with non-freight users and goals

  5. Does Modes/Markets Matter? (Southeastern Average, 2007 tonnage)

  6. Share of State Exports through a Port, 2011

  7. Share of State GDP Exported through a Port, 2011

  8. “Hinterlands Matter”

  9. How is Navigation a Part of Freight System? • Balance with existing international/ coastal flows • Emissions and Environmental accountability • Determine ways to encourage private sector investment in equipment, services • Recognize regulatory obstacles • Federal and State Multiagency planning, data, analysis

  10. Maritime Needs

  11. U.S. Public Port Projected Capital Expenditures by Expenditure Category for 2007-2011 (AAPA and Marad)

  12. Projected National Truck Flow Changes with Collapse of Bridge at Webbers Falls. s

  13. We all recognize… • Need better data and analytical tools • Need more guidance/support on non-traditional analysis • Need to help others see the big picture

  14. Summary

  15. What Does the Corps Do?

  16. Federal Role in U.S. Waterway Transport National Development Context 1824 – 1936: Nation Building Era of primarily Single Purpose Navigation Projects 1936 – 1986: Era of Economic Efficiency focusing on Multi-Purpose Projects 1969 – 1986: Era of Environmental Enlightenment, focusing on Multi-Objective Planning 1986 – Present: Beneficiary Pays Era, evolving towards Integrated Water Resources Management 1824 – authority to clear snags and make improvements Canal building era to mid-1800s (states) Post Civil War – suction dredging, jetties 1885: 1st of 46 locks and dams on Ohio 1930s: Present system of locks constructed on Upper Miss, Illinois, Tennessee, other waterways 1950s: Construction starts on present-day higher lift locks on Ohio 1960s-70s: Navigation improvements to Columbia-Snake, Arkansas River 1985: Tenn-Tom Waterway completed 1994 – Present: Upper Mississippi River & Illinois Waterway Navigation Study

  17. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Activities – Water Resource Missions • Primary • Navigation • Flood Control & Shore Protection • Ecosystem Restoration • Disaster Response & Recovery • Allied Purposes • Hydropower • Environmental Stewardship • Water Supply • Recreation • Regulatory Programs

  18. Maritime Infrastructure Conditions and Concerns • 25,000 miles of waterway and harbor channels handle 2.4 billion tons of cargo vital to economy • Half of locks exceed 50-year design life and lock maintenance downtime has doubled • Maintenance backlog continues to increase • Single year appropriations • Harbor improvements are needed to handle new larger vessels • Lock Construction Projects underway continue to be delayed by funding shortfalls

  19. Role of Dredging in U.S. • 40,000 km of Waterways • 400 Major Ports -130 of 150 Largest Cities • Dredged Material Placement • Inland waters and Confined Disposal Facilities 110 -180 M m3 • Ocean waters - 50 M m3 • Types of Dredging • CAPITAL DREDGING • MAINTENANCE DREDGING • CLEAN UP DREDGING

  20. Six Step Planning Process for Dredging (Construction) • Step 1 Problem Perception • local community • Step 2 Requires for Federal Action • local community with Corps • Step 3 Study Problem and Report Preparation • local community, Corps and Congressional request for Reconnaissance report • Step 4 Report Review and Approval • Corps District, other Federal Agencies • Step 5 Congressional Authorization • Corps Headquarters and Congress • Step 6 Project Implementation • President, Corps HQ and Congress, Local sponsor, WRDA

  21. Dredging Program in U.S. Navigation Channels • When a project completed, federal interest remains into future • How financed? Cost sharing is critical • Prior to 1986: • Federal dredging was funded from general revenues • No Cost Sharing • After 1986 • Local sponsors to partially fund some of the project • a sign of commitment • spread federal dollars across multiple projects.

  22. Summary

  23. How does the Corps plan for navigation projects?

  24. Challenges – Deep Sea Navigation and Inland Waterways • All navigable waters in U.S. are responsibility of U.S. Government • Once a navigation project is deemed to be a federal responsibility, that responsibility remains with the federal government in perpetuity • Excludes private terminals or channels • Increased demands for deeper and/or wider channels • Dredge management and disposal options • 25,000 Miles of Waterways • 400 Major Ports • $900M Annual Dredging Program

  25. Capital Improvements

  26. Cost Justification Required For Projects • Benefit-Cost Analysis • Without Project costs and benefits • With Project costs and benefits • Life Cycle Analysis • 50 years into the future • Implies forecasting • Risk and Uncertainty

  27. Figure 2.7.4 - Flow Chart of Deep Draft - Navigation Benefit Evaluation Procedures Source: Principles and Guidelines

  28. UTW UTE MTW MTE LTW LTE Cut-D PS Cut-C AR Cut-B Cut-A MC What is a Navigation Project? • Channel Cut Schematic • Multiuse project evaluation becoming more common

  29. Transportation Benefits Reductions In Transportation Costs • Origin to Destination • Waterborne Transport • Landside Transport • Other ? • Cargo Handling, Port or Terminal Throughput, etc. • Examples for Reduction in Transportation Costs for Waterborne Transport or Vessel Operations: • Increased Waterway Depth • Increased Loading for a Given Vessel • Increased Vessel Size • Reduction Delay for Tidal Windows • Combination Thereof • Lower unit costs for transportation or delivery…..

  30. Basic Transportation Benefit - Cost Analysis; General Data Requirements • Vessel or Fleet Physical Characteristics • Vessel Cargo Traffic & Transit Information • Waterway System Physical Specifications & Costs

  31. Data Requirements - Vessel or Fleet Physical Characteristics • a.) Vessel Type and Mode of Service (Bulk Carrier; Tanker, etc..) • b.) Deadweight (DWT)\GRT\NRT Class • c.) Dimensions (LOA, LBP, Breadth, Max. SLLD, Speed, etc.) • d.) Relative Capacities (Volumetric vs. Weight, Immersion etc.) • e.) Parameters for Management & Operation (Costs, Logistics & scheduling, Underkeel Clearance, etc.)

  32. Data Requirements - Vessel Cargo & Transit Information a.) Type & Mode of Cargo Transport b.) Port & Facility\Terminal(s) Served c.) Vessel Cargo Onload\Discharge (Tonnage, TEUs, etc.) d.) Origin-Destination\Itinerary, Waterborne Transit Distances & Time at Sea or In-Transit; Time In-Port e.) Parameters for Management & Operation (Costs, Logistics & Scheduling, Underkeel Clearance, etc.)

  33. Data File Development for U.S. Naval Vessels • Vessel Draft Clearance Requirements • Physical Stationing • General Operating Characteristics (?) • In cooperation with • U.S. NSWC Command • U.S. NAVSEA Carderoc • U.S. NAFAC • U.S. Naval Academy (USNA)

  34. Data Requirements - Waterway System Specifications & Costs • Estimated Costs of O&M Over Time • Periodic vs. Average Annual Equivalent (AAEQ) • Incrementally Evaluated According to • Navigation Feature, Reach or Channel Segment, • Depth (horizontal and vertical dimensions of plan formulation)

  35. Deep-Draft Work Initiatives Under Navigation Analysis (OTN & NETS) • Vessel Load Factor Analysis\Variable Immersion • Vessel Powering Analysis (Speed and Hydraulic Confinement) • Container\Carriage Cost Analysis • Automated Worldwide Distance Tables • Vessel Fleet & Characteristic Forecasts over corresponding time periods

  36. One Framework for Waterborne Navigation O&M Assessment Vessel Characteristic Data Sources Lloyd’s Register & Clarkson’s Register U.S. Coast Guard & U.S. MARAD USACE NDC Vessel Owner-Operators Vessel Fleet Physical Characteristics Transportation Cost Differentials Vessel Operational Characteristics by Port; Relative to Cargo Service and Itinerary Served; Subject to (Varying) Waterway Specifications or Limitations (Depths, etc.) Vessel Transit Cargo Data Sources USACE NDC U.S. Customs & Bureau of Census Lloyd’s Sea Searcher & Sea Web Trade-Published Shipcards\Schedules Vessel Owner-Operators Port\Terminal Operators Vessel & Cargo Transit Information Comparison of Benefits to Costs (B\C ratios; Incrementalized) Waterway System Specifications & Costs Water System Specifications & Costs USACE – HQUSACE & Districts U.S Coast Guard (ATON) Waterway Users & Non-Federal Sponsors

  37. Deep Draft Navigation Analysis – NED Steps in With Statements • Cost reduction benefits – same commodities, mode, O/D efficiencies. • Shift of mode benefits for commodities and O/D • Shift in O/D benefits from new O/D or transportation flows • New movement benefits - additional movements in a commodity or there are new commodities • Induced movement benefits – new flows from lower costs

  38. Which would you choose?

  39. 20 16 Year 2000 Year 2020 with planned projects constrained calls (thousands) 12 Year 2020 without planned projects 8 4 0 Atlantic Coast Pacific Coast Gulf Coast Great Lakes Constrained Containership Calls by Coastal Region with and without Planned Corps Projects: Year 2000 and 2020 Source: National Dredging Needs Study, USACE

  40. Asset Management

  41. Asset Management Process at USACE • Districts determine projects based on HQ criteria, mostly Remaining Benefit/Cost Ratios • Information supplied to HQ and sorted into various groups based on B/C and other factors • Determinations based on actual budgets for upcoming year

  42. Asset Management Initiative CORPS OWNS IT CORPS MANAGES IT “Short list” 1000 Coastal Structures 600 Dams 2500 Recreational Areas 250 Locks 75 Hydropower 285000 Tracts of land 12000 Buildings 7 Laboratories VALUE: $200 BILLION+ Lifecycle Infrastructure Management: Campaign Goal 3c- The Right Business Practices Executive order 13327- Right-sizing inventory It's the RIGHT thing to do!

  43. Project Economic Analysis • General Context of Economic Benefits vs. Economic Costs • Life-Cycle Evaluation • Costs  Relative to Requirements for: • Initial Placement or Construction • Operations & Maintenance • Benefits  Reductions in Transportation Costs • (Transportation\Cargo Handling Efficiencies)

  44. Life-Cycle Evaluation – Current Corps Guidance on Navigation Projects • Typical Requirements for Study & Analysis of New or Proposed Improvements • 50 Years into the Future (Involves Forecasting or Extrapolation of Trends) • Constant Price Levels Relative to a Designated Base Year or Period (i.e., Future Valuations Discounted)

  45. The Corps is Examining Performance Measures for O&M Budgeting • Previous work on engineering based measures developed and initially deployed • Developing new measures use and economic measures to balance issues of scale, geography, and use • Seeking comparability with other USACE business lines: • Flood Damage Reduction • Hydropower • Environmental Stewardship (Natural Resources) • Recreation

  46. Does it Matter? Navigation Delays Result in Costs to Great Lakes Region

  47. Asset Management Needs to be Formulated Based on Direct Questions • Can USACE develop a practical & consistent method of answering longstanding question(s) from the Office of Management & Budget (OMB): • If USACE were given some specified level of marginal or extra funding could the agency determine which projects would be most appropriate for funding to maximize marginal benefits……….(or alternatively, if the agency were to undergo a reduction in funding could it determine where to impose corresponding reductions in funding to minimize negative impact or “loss” of benefits)………. • Could USACE determine what level of maintenance for each project across the navigation program would be applicable to maximize total benefits program-wide………

  48. What are the Key Accountability Elements? Assuming request from OMB is feasible: • Could supporting methods or systems be developed that are: • Analytically Credible • Cost Effective & Expeditious (to both develop & maintain) • Quantitatively Transparent & Consistent Across Program at the National Level • Reasonably Comparable to Efforts Conducted by Skilled Analysts in the Field and; • Could methods of optimization be ultimately applied to • Initial Placement or Construction • Operations & Maintenance (O&M)

  49. Highway Asset Management • Focus – strategic assessment of economic tradeoffs between alternative infrastructure investments • Recognizing: • Increased demand on system • “Mature” network of roads and bridges • Increased competition for funding and support • Non-traditional players in decision process • More focus on maintenance and meeting user expectations

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