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This title delves into the national issues arising from closing the western frontier, explores the significance of the West in American culture, and discusses the romanticization of the frontier. It examines the tensions among various groups like Native Americans, cattlemen, and farmers. The role of ethnic minorities, big business interests, and local government officials are also analyzed. The narrative covers aspects of lawlessness, railroad construction, influential figures like railroad magnates, buffalo hunters, environmentalists, and the "civilizing" forces at play. It touches on the iconic imagery associated with the West, including legendary gunslingers and the settlement patterns of the frontier. The text aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the historical, cultural, and environmental impact of the American West.
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Essential Questions What national issues emerged in the process of closing the western frontier? Why does the West hold such an important place in the American imagination? In what ways is the West romanticized in American culture?
Tensions Native Americans Buffalo HuntersRailroadsU. S. Government Cattlemen Sheep Herders Ranchers Farmers
Tensions EthnicMinorities Nativists Big Business Interests [mining, timber]Local Govt. OfficialsFarmersBuffalo Hunters Environmentalists Lawlessness of the Frontier “Civilizing” Forces [The “Romance” of the West]
“The Big Four” Railroad Magnates Charles Crocker Collis Huntington Mark Hopkins Leland Stanford
Colt .45 Revolver God didn’t make men equal.Colonel Colt did!
Legendary Gunslingers & Train Robbers Jesse James Billy the Kid
New AgriculturalTechnology Steel Plow [“Sod Buster”] “Prairie Fan”Water Pump
Barbed Wire Joseph Glidden
The Range Wars SheepHerders CattleRanchers
The “Chinese Question” • Exclusion Act (1882) - Oriental Exclusion Act - Chinese Exclusion Act
Frederick Jackson Turner The Significance of the Frontier in American Society(1893)
Newlands Reclamation Act (1902) Francis Newlands
The Battle of Little Big Horn1876 Gen. GeorgeArmstrong Custer Chief Sitting Bull
Chief Joseph I will fight no more forever! Nez Percé tribal retreat (1877)
Helen Hunt Jackson A Century of Dishonor (1881)
Dawes Severalty Act (1887):Assimilation Policy Carlisle Indian School, PA
Legendary Female Western Characters Calamity Jane Annie Oakley
Destruction of the Buffalo Herds The near extinction of the buffalo.
Yellowstone National Park First national park established in 1872.
Conservation Movement John Muir With President Theodore Roosevelt
Sierra Club Founded in 1892