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Chemistry 23.1

Chemistry 23.1. 23.1. Introduction to Functional Groups.

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Chemistry 23.1

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  1. Chemistry 23.1

  2. 23.1 Introduction to Functional Groups • From a distance, the musicians in an orchestra may look alike, but each musician contributes a unique sound. In a similar way, one hydrocarbon is nearly identical to another until it picks up a functional group. You will learn how functional groups determine the character of organic compounds.

  3. 23.1 Functional Groups • Functional Groups • How are organic compounds classified?

  4. 23.1 Functional Groups • Organic compounds can be classified according to their functional groups. • A functional group is a specific arrangement of atoms in an organic compound that is capable of characteristic chemical reactions.

  5. 23.1 Functional Groups

  6. 23.1 Functional Groups • The hydrocarbon skeletons in the components of these products are chemically similar. Functional groups give each product unique properties and uses.

  7. 23.1 Halogen Substituents • Halogen Substituents • What is a halocarbon?

  8. 23.1 Halogen Substituents • A halocarbon is a carbon-containing compound with a halogen substituent. • Halocarbons are a class of organic compounds containing covalently bonded fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine.

  9. 23.1 Halogen Substituents • On the basis of their common names, halocarbons in which a halogen is attached to a carbon of an aliphatic chain are called alkyl halides. • Halocarbons in which a halogen is attached to a carbon of an arene ring are called aryl halides.

  10. 23.1 Halogen Substituents • The figure below shows the IUPAC names, structural formulas, and space-filling models for three simple hydrocarbons.

  11. 23.1 Halogen Substituents

  12. 23.1 Halogen Substituents

  13. 23.1 Substitution Reactions • Substitution Reactions • How may halocarbons be prepared?

  14. 23.1 Substitution Reactions • A common type of organic reaction is a substitution reaction, in which an atom, or a group of atoms, replaces another atom or group of atoms. • A halogen can replace a hydrogen atom on an alkane to produce a halocarbon.

  15. 23.1 Substitution Reactions • A Generalized Equation and a Specific One

  16. 23.1 Substitution Reactions • Treating benzene with a halogen in the presence of a catalyst causes the substitution of a hydrogen atom in the ring.

  17. 23.1 Substitution Reactions • Halogens on carbon chains are readily displaced by hydroxide ions to produce an alcohol and a salt. The general reaction is as follows.

  18. 23.1 Substitution Reactions • Halocarbons also undergo substitution reactions.

  19. 23.1 Section Quiz. • 23.1.

  20. 23.1 Section Quiz. • 1. Organic molecules are classified according to their • functional groups. • longest chain. • derivatives. • number of rings.

  21. 23.1 Section Quiz • 2. What is the correct IUPAC name for the compound CH2BrCH2CH2Br? • methylbromoethylbromide • dibromopropane • 1,3-dibromopropane • propyl-1,3-dibromide

  22. 23.1 Section Quiz • 3. Which reaction will produce a halocarbon? • hydrogenation of an alkyl halide • substitution reaction of a halogen with an alkane • reaction of potassium hydroxide with an aryl halide • reaction of sodium hydroxide with an alkyl halide

  23. 23.1 Section Quiz • 4. In a substitution reaction, one of the products formed when CH3CH2Br and OH- ions react is • CH3CHBrOH. • CH3CH2OH. • CH3CHBr. • CH3CHO.

  24. END OF SHOW

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