KEY CONCEPT Kingdom Protista is the most diverse of all the kingdoms.

1. KEY CONCEPT Kingdom Protista is the most diverse of all the kingdoms.

2. Protists are eukaryotes that are not animals, plants, or fungi. Have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles Protists can be animal-like, plantlike, or funguslike.

3. Animal-like protists consume other organisms. • heterotrophs • single-celled

4. Plantlike protists are photosynthetic. • single-celled, colonial, or multicellular • no roots, stems, or leaves

5. Funguslike protists decompose dead organisms. • heterotrophs • can move, whereas fungi cannot

6. Endosymbiotic Theory-How Eukaryotes came to be- • Scientists think protists were the first eukaryotes to evolve. • Endosymbiosis refers to one species living within another (the host) • Movement of smaller photosynthetic & heterotrophic prokaryotes into larger prokaryotic host cells • Formed cell organelles chloroplast mitochondria

7. Protists are difficult to classify. • Protista is one kingdom in the domain Eukarya.

8. Protist classification will likely change. • Some protists are not closely related. • Molecular evidence supports reclassification.

9. KEY CONCEPTAnimal-like protists are single-celled heterotrophs that can move. They are classified by how they move.

10. macronucleus contractile vacuole food vacuole oral groove micronucleus cilia Animal-like protists move in various ways. • Animal-like protists are often called protozoa.

11. Protozoa with flagella are zooflagellates PHYLUM Zoomastigophora • flagella help zooflagellates swim • more than 2000 zooflagellates

12. Flagellates- move using flagella Free living by absorbing dead or decaying organic matter OR some are parasites EX:Trichonympha lives in the gut of termites (helps termite digest wood) D. PHYLUM ZOOMASTIGOPHORA Trichomonas vaginalis: an STD

13. Zoomastigophora Tsetse Fly: carries Trypanosoma to humans; in other words, it’s a Vector for African Sleeping Sickness American Sleeping Sickness (Chagas disease) – carried by reduviid bug

14. Phylum Zoomastigophora

15. Some protists move with pseudopods. • change shape as they move • amoebas

16. Pseudopods- (“fake feet”) used for feeding and locomotion. • Saltwater and freshwater • Asexual reproduction Food vacuole pseudopods nucleus

18. Some protists move with pseudopods. • change shape as they move • amoebas PHYLUM Rhizopoda • Forams – PHYLUM Foraminifera

19. Cliffs of Dover

20. Some protozoa move with cilia PHYLUM Ciliophora. macronucleus contractile vacuole food vacuole oral groove micronucleus cilia • cilia help protists swim and capture food • more than 8000 ciliates

21. Ciliates – Use Cilia for movement. found in fresh and salt water Draw and label p.543 A. PHYLUM CILIOPHORA

22. Phylum Cilophora paramecium

23. Phylum Cilophora

24. TWO KINDS OF NUCLEI: Macronucleus – controls daily functions such as feeding, eliminating waste, and maintaining water balance Micronucleus – used for reproduction Phylum Ciliophora

25. Reproduce Asexually, but maintain genetic variation through Conjugation: exchange genetic info Phylum Ciliophora

26. Phylum Apicomplexa • Protists that do not move. • Form sporozoites • Ex. Plasmosdium

27. C. PHYLUM APICOMPLEXA • Sporozoans- Form spores at some point in their life cycle. • Lack locomotion • Sexual and Asexual reproduction • Intestinal parasites Plasmodium (Malaria) It’s Vector: Anopheles Mosquito

28. human liver sporozoites liver cells developed parasites red blood cells Some animal-like protists cause disease. • Malaria is caused by Plasmodium and spread by mosquitoes. • Sleeping sickness is caused by Trypanosoma and spread by Tsetseflies. • American Sleeping Sickness (Chagas disease) – carried by reduviid bug • A giardia infection is caused by Giardia and spread through water. Malaria Infection

29. KEY CONCEPTAlgae are plantlike protists.

30. colony daughter colony Plantlike protists can be single-celled or multicellular. • Photosynthetic plantlike protists are called algae. • Most perform photosynthesis • Contain chlorophyll (green pigment) and possibly secondary pigments • Classified by their pigment color

31. pellicle contractile vacuole nucleus flagellum chloroplast eye spot • Phylum Euglenophyta • mostly photosynthetic • some heterotrophic • single-celled • one or two flagella • some animal like traits • Euglenoids are a large group of plantlike protists.

32. Have an “eye spot” that is sensitive to light. Euglenoids

33. Phylum Dinoflagellata - Dinoflagellates are mostly marine plantlike protists. • have two flagella • may be bioluminescent • have stiff protective plates • can cause red tide • Produce a lethal nerve toxin Dinoflagellates

34. DINOFLAGELLATES • Phyla of Algae • Dinoflagellates- “The spinning ones” • 2 flagella at right angles to each other, causes it to spin as it moves. • Mostly found in saltwater. • Can be bioluminescent: Glow

35. Dinoflagellates • ALGAL BLOOMS: • In good conditions, will reproduce in GREAT numbers. • Clog fish gills • Die, decompose, and deplete the oxygen supply, suffocating marine life.

36. Diatoms are plantlike protists with glasslike shells. • shells made of silica (glass) • produce large amounts of oxygen • Phylum Bacillariophyta

37. Phyla of Algae Diatoms- “The Golden Boxes” Made of chlorophyll (green) & carotenoids (golden-yellow) Reproduction- sexual and asexual. Cell wall- made of hard silica (glass) A. DIATOMS

38. Diatoms • Made of 2 halves: The smaller half fits inside the bigger half, like a box and lid. • Store their food as oil, so they float at the top of the water where they can get sunlight for photosynthesis.

39. Yellow/green algae contain carotenoids • Green algae contain chlorophyll a and b. • Brown algae contain chlorophyll c. • Multicellular algae are classified by their pigments. • Red algae contain chlorophyll a and phycoerythrin.

40. D. Phylum Chrysophyta • Chrysophytes- “The Colonists” • Yellow-Brown secondary pigments (carotenoids) • Form colonies- a group of cells that live in close association.

41. E. Brown Algae • Phylum Phaeophyta • Brown algae- “The Brown Ones” • Fucoxanthin pigments • Multicellular • Largest algae Ex: Giant Kelp can grow up to 30-60 cm a day.

42. Used to make a variety of products As a thickening agent in puddings, ice cream Used as food for animals (processed) Ex. Giant Kelp Brown Algae

43. Brown Algae

44. F. GREEN ALGAE • Phylum Chlorophyta • Green algae- “The Green Ones” • Mostly freshwater • Very similar to plant cell walls • Chloroplasts w/ chlorophyll pigments

45. Green Algae • Scientists think the first plants may have evolved from green algae.

46. G. RED ALGAE • Phylum Rhodophyta • Red algae- “The Red Ones” • Warm saltwater habitats • Perform photosynthesis • Even at depths of 100 meters! • Red & blue secondary pigments (phycobilins).

47. Red Algae Seaweed

48. Red Algae Example: Red moss

49. Many plantlike protists can reproduce both sexually and asexually. • All algae can reproduce asexually. • Multicellular algae can fragment. • Chlamydomonas divides into zoospores.

50. Some species alternation of generations. • Some algae produce sexually. • Sexual reproduction can be triggered by environmental stress.