Geant4: A Toolkit for HEP Simulation & Beyond

1. Activity report 2001Plans 2002http://www.ge.infn.it/geant4http:/www.ge.infn.it/geant4/LowE/ Maria Grazia Pia (INFN Genova) for the Geant4-INFN Group Commissione Calcolo Roma, 13 December 2001

2. The Toolkit • OO Toolkit for the simulation of next generation HEP detectors • ...of the current generation too • ...not only of HEP detectors • already used also in nuclear physics, astrophysics, space science, medical physics, radiation background studies etc. • It is also an experiment of distributed software production and management, as a large international collaboration with the participation of various experiments, labs and institutes • It is also an experiment of application of rigorous software engineering methodologies and Object Oriented technologies to the HEP environment

3. Atlas, BaBar, CMS, HARP, LHCB CERN, JNL, KEK, SLAC, TRIUMF ESA, INFN, IN2P3, PPARC Frankfurt, Barcelona, Karolinska, Lebedev COMMON (Serpukov, Novosibirsk, Pittsburg, Northearstern, Helsinki, TERA etc.) Collaboration Board manages resources and responsibilities Technical Steering Board manages scientific and technical matters Working Groups do maintenance, development, QA, etc. Geant4 Collaboration MoU based >100 physicists and computer scientists Distribution, Development and User Support of Geant4 Members of National Institutes, Laboratories and Experiments participating in Geant4 Collaboration acquire the right to the Production Service and User Support For others: free code and user support on best effort basis Budker Inst. of Phys. IHEP Protvino Univ. Cordoba Northeastern Univ. MEPHI Moscow Pittsburg University

4. 1st production release: Dec 1998 Since then: 2 public releases/year monthly internal release Collaboration-wide objectives + WG projects every year User support worldwide Well established in most major HEP experiments (and also in small scale ones), space, medical etc. see CHEP 2001 presentations Kernel packages mostly in maintenance mode Geometry improvements, optimisation, XML etc. Physics very active development OOAD Interactivity: visualisation, (G)UI, analysis active development Parallelisation, GRID hot topic Testing and validation internal activity + collaboration with users Software process improvement significant investment and activities Status and activities Main areas of activity

5. Il gruppo INFN in Geant4 • Cosenza, Genova, Milano, Torino, Trieste, Udine • ~20 fisici/tecnologi (molti giovani!) • Principalmente in Low Energy Electromagnetic Physics • Architettura, OOAD, Software Process, User Support, sviluppo • Supporto delle esigenze degli esperimenti INFN nella Collaborazione • Riferimento nella comunità INFN • Esperienza di Geant4 • Esperienza di moderne tecnologie di software (metodi OO) • Esperienza di metologie avanzate di software engineering (software process) • Riferimento a livello internazionale • Fisica di basse energie • Esperimenti di astroparticelle / applicazioni spaziali • Applicazioni bio-mediche • Trasferimento di tecnologie ad ambiente medico e spaziale • Stretta collaborazione con CERN e ESA (primo contratto ESA all’INFN!) Eccellente palestra per giovani (e non solo giovani…) di approccio alle nuove tecnologie

6. LowE Electromagnetic Physics Coordination (>50 members) Physics, OOAD, testing, user support etc. Geometry and tracking Analysis Collaboration of frameworks Analysis tools for physics and testing Testing and validation Test tools Tests, comparisons with experimental data Advanced examples testing and user support OOAD electromagnetic physics analysis testing Software process and SPI Training Technology transfer Radiotherapy Radiodiagnostic Outreach Close collaboration with CERN Areas of activity of the INFN group

7. How we operate Goal-directed project management (GDPM) Rigorous approach to software engineering High dynamism and creativity • Regular Working Group meetings • Emphasis on training of all group members • Promotion of cross-WG activities • Close relationship with user communities • Active strategy of talks and publications • for promotion of Geant4 and our own products • as an incentive and reward for group members Characterized by Physics Applications Wide spectrum of development: Team Collaboration Outreach

8. LowE e.m. physics developments • Before the creation of the WG • First implementation of e/photon models based on LLNL libraries (250 eV - 100 GeV)) • First implementation of models for hadrons and ions • Since the creation of the WG • New model for positive charged hadrons (Ziegler 1985) • Improvements on straggling (hadrons and ions) • Dynamic dependence on effective charge in the range calculation • Improvements in the validity range of d ray production • New models for ion energy loss fluctuations • New model for negative charged hadrons (Barkas effect) • New model for polarised Compton • Various other physics extensions/improvements • Future • Polarised processes: conversion, Rayleigh, (photoelectric?) • New models for Compton, Photoelectric • Positrons • Penelope-like models • PIXE Compton Photoelelctric Rayleigh GammaConversion eIonisation Bremsstrahlung hIonisation PolarisedCompton Atomic relaxation To learn more: http://www.ge.infn.it/geant4/lowE

9. Results This is a small sample of comparisons with experimental data Based on EPDL97, EEDL and EADL evaluated data libraries e, down to 250 eV (EGS4, ITS to 1 keV, Geant3 to 10 keV) Barkas effect: models for antiprotons Low energy hadrons and ions models based on Ziegler and ICRU data and parameterisations

10. x x f hn  A hn0 10 MeV 100 keV q 1 MeV a small  z O small  small  C large  large  large  y Cross section: Polarisation(TS/Cordoba)) Low Energy Polarised Compton Sample Methods: • Integrating over  • Sample  •  - Energy Relation  Energy • Sample of  fromP() = a (b – c cos2) distribution 250 eV -100 GeV Scattered Photon Polarization More details: talk on Geant4 Low Energy Electromagnetic Physics  Polar angle  Azimuthal angle  Polarization vector Other polarised processes under development

11. OOAD

15. Design of a generic user application + reverse engineering most of Geant4 categories

16. Suite of unit tests (extended 2001) 3 system tests(extended 2001) Suite of physics tests (in progress with publications) Regression testing(manual) Physics validation Testing requirements Testing procedures Testing integrated with development Testing Posted on the WG web site Validation Comparison with experimental data At various levels: details of physics models and global features

17. Design of generic unit test for physics processes exploratory, evolutionary prototype

18. Torino: testing and physics validation Comparison of Geant4 e.m. physics with experimental data 2002: plans for similar tests concerning proton interactions too

19. PROBLEM:VerifyGeant4trackingaccuracy of a particle in a magnetic field. Test configurations that optimise the elaboration time and relative trackingerror Intersection points Test geometry Ending pointmomentum and field inversion Starting point Milano Testing and optimisation A set of configuration parameters has been found getting errors of order 0.01m and optimizing the computing time.

20. ZEPLIN III Dark Matter, Boulby mine Courtesy of A. Howard, UKDM Advanced examples ESA • Three advanced examples developed by the LowE WG Dec 2000 + improvements 2001 • X-ray telescope (ESA) • g-ray telescope (TS/UD) • Brachytherapy (GE-IST) • Full scale applications showing physics setting guidelines and advanced interactive facilities in real-life set-ups • New in 2001 • X-ray fluorescence and PIXE (GE) • underground physics (UK) • Plans 2002 • Underground background • Hadronic physics in various energy ranges • IORT, treatment head • (subject to TSB approval and prioritisation) TS-UD +digis, trigger GE-IST

21. TS-UD: GammaRayTel • Full geometry description • CsI Calorimeter • Silicon strips Tracker • Plastic Scintillator • Integrated analysis tools • Trigger implementation with digits • Visualization • OpenGl • Postscript • VRML

23. CS:Optimization of a New Advanced IntraOperative Radiation Therapy (IORT) System using Geant4 Monte Carlo Simulation • Geant4 allows us to define • the geometrical structure of set-up • describe the propagation of beamtaking into account the interactions through exit windows, scattering thickness, monitor chambers, collimator. All these materials, which are used to shape and monitor the electron beam, will modify position, size and energy of the produced beam. Air Percent Depth Dose Air +Applicator (Lenght 80 cm,Radius 4 cm) Simulation Set-up Air +Applicator + Target (0.3mm Al)

24. Use cases, OOAD, code, traceability in CVS repositories already done, to be refined still to be done Major role of analysis internal to Geant4 Analysis in Geant4

25. AIDA Java Analysis Studio Interface to analysis tools Through abstract interfaces  No dependence  Minimize coupling of components Example: AIDA & Analysis Tools Anaphe

26. Previous Geant4 analysis design Reverse engineered No design existing (confusing for users…) G4ANALYSIS_BUILDG4ANALYSIS_BUILD_LABG4ANALYSIS_LAB_VISUALIZATIONG4ANALYSIS_BUILD_LIZARDG4ANALYSIS_BUILD_JASG4ANALYSIS_NON_AIDAAIDA_DONT_USE_STDG4ANALYSIS_USEG4ANALYSIS_USE_LIZARDG4ANALYSIS_USE_LABG4ANALYSIS_USE_JAS A lot of environment variables required

27. No environment variables needed or HistogramManager New, simpler design Implemented in the advanced examples for the release More general and elegant, but still simple, design under discussion

28. Huge effort invested into SPI started from level 1 (CMM) in LowE e.m., analysis, examples chaotic, left to heroic improvisation Current status public URD full traceability through UR/OOD/implementation/test in CVS repository testing suite and testing process public documentation of procedures … A sample of the improvements: establishment (1999) and management of User Requirements Document establishment and documentation of procedures design before coding designs and testing under configuration management separation of examples from tests identification of tasks and responsibilities traceability process ...too long to list all of them Software Process A rigorous approach to software engineering Plan for 2002: RUP-based process (customization of RUP to HEP)

29. Technology transfer • Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro (IST Genova) • AIRCC (Ospedale Mauriziano – Candiolo) • Ospedale di Savona • Azienda Ospedaliera di Cosenza • Istituto Nazionale Portoghese per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Coimbra • Karolinska Institutet, Stoccolma • Vari ospedali francesi coinvolti nel progetto di PET associato alla Crystal Clear Collaboration • Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec • Massachussets General Hospital • General Electric Brochure (in collaboration with CERN) Article on CERN Courier Seminar (Science and Society series) Outreach

30. Collaboration with user groups Pixel ionisation chamber Relative dose in water •  Independent validation of physics models and implementation Some examples INFN Torino Photon attenuation coefficient in water LIP & Portuguese Oncological Institute Italian National Institute for Cancer Research

31. Geant4 Low Energy Electromagnetic Physics, M. G. Pia, Round Table on Monte Carlo Methods for Space Applications, ESA/ESTEC Geant4 Low Energy Polarised Processes, G. Depaola and F. Longo, Round Table on Monte Carlo Methods for Space Applications, ESA/ESTEC Space Applications of Geant4 Polarized Processes, G. Depaola and F. Longo, Round Table on Monte Carlo Methods for Space Applications, ESA/ESTEC Advanced software engineering in simulation development and applications, M. G. Pia, Round Table on Monte Carlo Methods for Space Applications, ESA/ESTEC Geant4 application to X and Gamma-ray Telescopes, F. Longo et al., Round Table on Monte Carlo Methods for Space Applications, ESA/ESTEC Geant4-DNA, M. G. Pia, Round Table on Monte Carlo Methods for Space Applications, ESA/ESTEC Comparison between Plato isodose distribution of a 192Ir source and those simulated with Geant4 toolkit, F. Foppiano, ESTRO Congress, Stresa Applicazione del toolkit Montecarlo Geant4 per la dosimetria di trattamenti brachiterapici, F. Foppiano, AIFM Congress, Brescia From HEP computing to bio-medical research and vice-versa: technology transfer and application results,M. G. Pia et al., Plenary talk at CHEP 2001 Architecture of Collaborating Frameworks, A. Pfeiffer et al., CHEP2001 Simulation For Astroparticle Experiments And Planetary Explorations, A. Brunengo et al., CHEP2001 Geant4 Low Energy Electromagnetic Physics,M. G. Pia et al., CHEP2001 Simulation in the bio-medical domain: applications and results, M. G. Pia et al., International Conference on Advanced Technologies for Particle Physics, Como The Geant4 Toolkit: simulation capabilities and application results,M. G. Pia, EPS-HEP Conference, Budapest The GEANT4 Simulation Toolkit, G. Santin, Monte Carlo Workshop for Nuclear Medicine Applications, Paris Overview of Geant4, M. G. Pia,Round Table on Monte Carlo Methods for Space Applications, ESA/ESTEC Presentations 2001

32. Projects for 2002 • LowE: OOAD, physics, testing etc. (see next slide) • Hadronic physics: tests and application examples • Tracking: further testing, test beam at Fermilab • Advanced examples (user support + testing) • Underground background • Hadronic physics? • IORT • Analysis in Geant4 (collaboration with Anaphe) • Response to internal and external use cases • Unit and regression testing • General framework, collaboration with Anaphe • Explore Aspect Oriented Programming, Subject Oriented Programming • Software process • Model based on RUP + adapt to HEP (1st HEP prototype, as far as we know) • Outreach (collaboration with CERN) • Brochure, article on CERN Courier, seminar

33. LowE e.m. activities proposed for 2002 • Physics • Series of polarised LowE processes • Alternative models (Compton + Doppler broadening, Photoelectric angular distribution, Penelope models) • Positrons? • PIXE • Design iteration in e.m. physics • Final state • Energy loss • Physics processes • Testing • Continue the validation of existing implementations • Generalisation and automatisation of testing (unit, regression, physics) • Statistical system testing

34. Any interest in training? • Introduction to Geant4 (seminar) • Geant4 training courses (based on Geant4 Training Kit) • Basic introduction • Hands-on course • Lectures (Villa Gualino, Torino) • Introduction to OO methods • Introduction to OOAD and related CASE tools (Rose) • Introduction to advanced software engineering methods • Software process • SPI • Valuable expertise available in INFN