Chapter 12 Crusades and Culture in the Middle Ages p. 277

1. Chapter 12 Crusades and Culture in the Middle Ages p. 277

3. Vocab • Lay investiture • Interdict • Sacrament • Heresy • Relics

4. Since the 5th century, the popes of the Catholic Church had claimed supremacy over the affairs of the Church. They had also gained control over territories in central Italy that came to be known as the Papal States. This control kept the popes involved in political matters often at the expense of their spiritual duties.

6. Lay investiture- non church members choosing church officials and giving them the symbols of their office. That way they had a vassal duty to their lord. Pope Gregory VII wanted the church to be free to appoint it's own clergy and run it's own affairs.

7. The furious young German emperor, Henry IV, immediately called a meeting of the German bishops he had appointed. With their approval, the emperor ordered Gregory to step down from the papacy. Gregory then excommunicated Henry. The struggle between Henry the IV and Gregory VII was known as the Investiture Controversy. Afterwards, German bishops and princes sided with the pope. To save his throne, Henry tried to win the pope's forgiveness.

8. The successors of Gregory and Henry continued to fight over lay investiture until 1122. That year, representatives of the Church and the emperor met in the German city of Worms (wurms). They reached a compromise known as the Concordat of Worms. By its terms, the Church alone could appoint a bishop, but the emperor could veto the appointment.

9. Medieval Christians' everyday lives were harsh. Still, they could all follow the same path to salvation-everlasting life in heaven. Priests and other clergy administered the sacraments, or important religious ceremonies. These rites paved the way for achieving salvation. • Baptism Holy Orders • Confirmation Matrimony • Eucharist Last Rites • Penance

10. Popes used the threat of excommunication, or banishment from the Church, to wield power over political rulers. If an excommunicated king continued to disobey the pope, the pope, in turn, could use an even more frightening weapon, the interdict. Under an interdict, forbids a priest from giving the sacraments to a certain group of people (for instance anyone living in the land of a disobedient king). As Christians, the kings subjects believed that without such sacraments they might be doomed to hell.

13. Section 1 Review 1. What was the struggle between Henry the IV and Gregory VII known as? 2. What is the Lay Investiture? 3. What forbids priests from giving the sacraments to a certain group of people? .

14. In the 11th century, excommunication and the possible threat of an interdict would force a German emperor to submit to the pope's commands. King of France took back his wife cuz Pope put pressure on him.

15. One of the most important new orders of the Middle Ages was the Cistercian order. It was founded in 1098 by a group of monks who were unhappy with the lack of discipline at their own Benedictine monastery. They took religion to the people outside the monastery.

16. Most women who became nuns were from the aristocracy, from families who were unable or unwilling to find husbands for their daughters or girls who refused to marry or widows. Were most of the learned women were found. Hildegard of Bingen-Gregorian chant http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QGP6p_j_XfI&feature=related

17. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aEI1QrZINeg

18. Another group of monks called the Franciscans was started by St. Francis of Assissi. They lived among the people, preaching repentance and aiding the people. Another group the Dominicans wanted to defend the church from heresy - the denial of basic church doctrines. The became the examiners of people suspected of heresy.

19. The Inquisition was a court created by the Catholic Church to find a try heretics. Heretics were people whose religious beliefs differed from the teachings of the Church. The Christians of the thirteenth century believed the only path to salvation was through the Church. To them, heresy was a crime against God and against humanity. In their minds, using force (torture) to save souls from damnation was the right thing to do.

23. Only clergy could administer rites necessary for salvation. Saints were believed to be able to ask for favors before the throne of God for people who prayed to them. Relics=bones or objects connected to saints became very important. A connection between earthly world and God. Christians believed that a pilgrimage to a holy shrine produced a spiritual benefit. Jerusalem or Rome.

24. Review con’t 4. Why was the Cistercian order created? 5. What did the Christians of the thirteenth century believe they were justified in using to save souls? 6. What is the name of the court created by the Catholic Church to find and try heretics?

25. Crash Course Crusades 11.5 min http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X0zudTQelzI&list=PLKLr2j6n8lJMmWJI60M2OEdYqyudTzFUr&safe=active

26. Byzantine emperor Alexius I, the man that started the crusades! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SLidFSx47-o&safe=active Watch first 1.5 min

27. The push for the Crusades came when, in 1093, the Byzantine emperor Alexius I asked for help. The emperor asked for help against the Muslim Turks. Pope Urban II also read that letter. Shortly after this appeal, he issued a call for what her termed a "holy war," a Crusade to gain control of the Holy Land. Over the next 300 years, a number of such Crusades were launched.

28. The Crusades had economic, social, and political goals as well as religious motives. Muslims controlled Palestine (the Holy Land) and threatened Constantinople.

29. The Crusades had economic, social, and political goals as well as religious motives. Muslims controlled Palestine (the Holy Land) and threatened Constantinople. The Byzantine emperor in Constantinople appealed to Christians to stop Muslim attacks, to free Jerusalem from the infidels, the unbelivers. In addition, the pope wanted to reclaim Palestine and reunite Christendom, which had split into Eastern and Western branches in 1054.

30. Pope Urban's call brought a tremendous outpouring of religious feeling and support for the Crusade. According to the pope, those who died on Crusade were assured of a place in heaven. With red crosses sewn on tunics worn over their armor and the battle cry of "God wills it!" on their lips, knights and commoners were fired by religious zeal and became Crusaders. Pope promised “all who die shall have immediate forgiveness of sins”

32. The Crusaders were ill-prepared for war in this First Crusade. Many know nothing about the geography, climate, or culture of the Holy Land. They had no grand strategy to capture Jerusalem. The Crusaders besieged the city for over a month. On July 15, 1099, the Crusaders captured the city amid a horrible massacre of its inhabitants. (they killed Muslim and Jew-men, women and children)

34. All in all, the Crusaders had won a narrow strip of land. It stretched about 650 miles from Edessa in the north to Jerusalem in the south. The Crusaders' states were extremely vulnerable to Muslim counterattack. In 1144, Edessa was reconquered by the Turks.

35. Shoulder Buddy Q? Which Pope called for the first Crusade?

36. The Second Crusade The Second Crusade was organized to recapture the city. But its armies straggled home in defeat. In 1187, Europeans were shocked to learn that Jerusalem itself had fallen to a Kurdish warrior and Muslim leader Saladin.

37. The Third Crusade Third Crusade to recapture Jerusalem was led by three of Europe's most powerful monarchs • Phillip II (Augustus), of France • Frederick I (Barbossa), German emperor • Richard the Lion-Hearted, King of England

39. Phillip argued with Richard and went home. Barbossa drowned on the journey. So, Richard was left to lead the Crusaders in an attempt to regain the Holy Land from Saladin. Saladin led the Muslim forces during the Third Crusade to retake Jerusalem from the Crusaders.

40. Saladin • Richard the Lion-Hearted, King of England

42. Both Richard and Saladin were brilliant warriors. After many battles, the two agreed to a truce in 1192. Jerusalem remained under Muslim control. In return, Saladin promised that unarmed Christian pilgrims could freely visit the city's holy places. Remember 1st Crusade massacre? So, this was more than fair.

43. The Fourth Crusade In 1204, the Fourth Crusade to capture Jerusalem failed. The knights did not reach the Holy Land. Instead, they ended up looting the city of Constantinople. This added to the division between the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church.

44. In the 1200's, four more Crusades to free the holy land were also unsuccessful. The religious spirit of the First Crusade faded and the search for personal gain grew, $$$$. In two later Crusades, armies marched not to the Holy Land but to Egypt. The Crusaders intended to weaken Muslim forces before going to the Holy Land. But non of these attempts conquered much land.

45. The Children's Crusade The Children's Crusade took place in 1212. Thousands of children set out to conquer Jerusalem. One group in France was led by 12-year-old Stephen of Cloyes. An estimated 30,000 children under 18 joined him. They were armed only with the belief that God would give them Jerusalem. On their march south to the Mediterranean, many died from cold and starvation. The rest drowned at sea or were sold into slavery.

46. Really! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V8PPe8snkmA&safe=active 5 min horrible histories

47. Impact of Crusades:-Italian port cities prospered, Jews became subject to persecution, the breakdown of feudalism. Nobles sold land and freed their serfs to join crusades. Nobles lost power-king created stronger central governments. 3 nations emerge-Spain, England and France.

48. 1. When did the push for the Crusades come? 2. Who led the Muslim forces during the Third Crusade to retake Jerusalem form the crusaders?

49. 6.3 page 117

50. Romanesque churches are typified by the cross-form of the ground plan, as well as a variety of structural forms, the great number of towers and with elements of fortification.